Renal

Question 1

What are the causes of CKD?

Answer 1

DM T2 >> T1
Glomerulonephritis
HTN/renovascular disease
Pyelonephritis/reflex nephropathy
No cause found

Question 2

What infection can cause acute graft failure?

Answer 2

CMV

Question 3

Treatment for IKD?

Answer 3

See notes

Question 4

Extra-renal manifestations of IKD?

Answer 4

See notes

Question 5

What are the causes of sterile pyuria?

Answer 5

• Treated UTI < 2 weeks before
• Inadequately Tx UTI
• Appendicitis, prostatitis, bladder tumour etc

Question 6

Symptoms of renal calculi?

Answer 6

• Pain – starts in loin and moved to groin, may writhe in agony
• Rigors/fever
• Dysuria
• Haematuria
• Urinary retention
• Nausea & vomiting

Question 7

Treatment of acute retention?

Answer 7

Finasteride

Tamsulosin

Question 8

Causes of chronic retention?

Answer 8

Prostatic enlargement
Pelvic Ca
Rectal surgery
DM

Question 9

Complications of maldescended testes?

Answer 9

Infertility
x40 increased risk of testicular cancer
Increased risk of testicular trauma + torsion
Also associated with hernias + other urinary anomalies

Question 10

How to Tx PKA?

Answer 10

Lower BP

Question 11

What are the symptoms of CKD?

Answer 11

Reduced urine output
Pulmonary/peripheral oedema
Arrythmias (secondary to changes in K+ and acid-base balance)
Features of uraemia (urea in the blood) – lethargy, N&V, confusion, itching