Renal

Question 1

Waste products

Answer 1

urea
Uric Acid
creatinine

Question 2

Nephron with short loops of Henle

Answer 2

cortical nephrons

Question 3

7/8 of all nephrons

Answer 3

cortical nephrons

Question 4

1/8 of all nephrons

Answer 4

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 5

basic renal processes

Answer 5

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

Question 6

Excretion rate formula

Answer 6

EX=(filtration rate - reabsorption rate) + secretion rate

Question 7

Relaxation of the detrusor muscle

Answer 7

sympathetic input via the B-3 receptor (Gs-cAMP)

In addition, sympathetic input contracts the internal sphincter via α-1 receptors

Question 8

Only force that promotes filtration

Answer 8

hydrostatic pressure of the glomerural capillaries

Question 9

Main force driving reabsorption at the proxima tubule

Answer 9

oncotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries

Question 10

glomerulus membran structures

Answer 10

capillary endothelial wall
glomerular basement membrane
epithelial cell layer of podocytes

Question 11

materials easily or freely filtered

Answer 11

major electrolytes
metabolic waste products
metabolites
nonnatural substances
lower-weight proteins and peptides

Question 12

Normal renal plasma flow

Answer 12

600 ml/min

Question 13

normal filtration fraction

Answer 13

20%

Question 14

osmolarity of ultrafiltrate

Answer 14

300 mOsm/kg

Question 15

Effect of catecholamine and angiotensin II in sodium

Answer 15

enhance the fraction of sodium reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

Question 16

Canagliflozin mechanism of action

Answer 16

blocks SGLT-2, inhibiting the proximal tubule reabsorption of glucose

Question 17

Calbindin function

Answer 17

Facilitates calcium reabsorption

Question 18

Gitelman syndrome

Answer 18

Mutated NaCl transporter

Patients are hypokalemic, alkalotic, and low urinary calcium

Question 19

H+ buffers

Answer 19

Phosphate

Ammonia

Question 20

most common cause for chronic renal failure

Answer 20

diabetic nephropathy

Question 21

Winter’s equation

Answer 21

Predicted PACO2= (1.5*HCO3-) + 8

Question 22

Expected PaCo2 equation

Answer 22

(0.7*rise in HCO3-) + 40

Question 23

major plasma cation

Answer 23

Na+

Question 24

estimated PAG formula

Answer 24

PAG= Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-)

Question 25

Normal PAG

Answer 25

12 +/- 2

Question 26

MUDPILES

Answer 26

``` methanol uremia diabetic ketoacidosis paraldehyde iron; isoniazid lactic acidosis ethylene glycol; ehtanl ketoacidosis salicylates; starvation ketoacidosis; sepsis ```

Question 27

HARDUP

Answer 27

``` Hyperchloremia Acetazolamide Renal tubular acidosis Diarrhea Ureteral diversion Pancreatic fistula ```

Question 28

Acute respiratory acidosis compensation ratio

Answer 28

1:0.1

Question 29

Chronic respiratory acidosis compensation ratio

Answer 29

1:0.35

Question 30

Acute respiratory alkalosiscompensation ratio

Answer 30

1:0.2

Question 31

Chronic respiratory alkalosis compensation ratio

Answer 31

1:0.5

Question 32

Adenosine effect on coronary blood vessels

Answer 32

Vasodilates

Question 33

Effect of adenosine on renal blood vessels

Answer 33

Vasoconstrict the afferent arteriole

Question 34

Normal GFR

Answer 34

120 mL/min | 180 L/day

Question 35

Causes for renin release

Answer 35

Decreased flow in afferent arterioles Increased sympathetic drive to JG cells Low luminal NaCl at the macula densa

Question 36

Filtered load formula

Answer 36

GFR*Px

Question 37

Excretion rate formula

Answer 37

Ux*V

Question 38

Clearance equation

Answer 38

Excretion rate / Px = (Ux*V)/Px

Question 39

Glucose TM

Answer 39

375 mg/min

Question 40

Where is phosphate mainly reabsorbed?

Answer 40

proximal tubule

Question 41

Which hormone inhibits phosphate reabsorbtion?

Answer 41

PTH

Question 42

Where does bicarbonate is reabsorbed?

Answer 42

proximal tubule

Question 43

Which hormone stimulates Na+H+ antiporter?

Answer 43

angiotensin II

Question 44

In which portion of the nephron do you absorb the most water?

Answer 44

proximal tubule

Question 45

Most of the uric acid is reabsorbed where?

Answer 45

proximal tubule

Question 46

In which portion of the nephron is the luminal pH the lowest?

Answer 46

Collecting duct

Question 47

Barter syndrome

Answer 47

genetic mutation of the Na, 2Cl-, K transporter in the loop of Henle

Question 48

Genetic disorder that affects the CaSR

Answer 48

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

Question 49

Gitelman syndrome

Answer 49

mutation of the NaCl transporter

Question 50

Clinical manifestations of gitelman syndrome

Answer 50

hypokalemia alkalotic low urine calcium

Question 51

Where does PTH work on the neprhon?

Answer 51

Distal tubule

Question 52

Nephron cell that synthesises bicarbonate

Answer 52

intercalated cell

Question 53

Liddle syndrome

Answer 53

gain of function of ENaC channels in the collecting duct

Question 54

Liddle syndrome treatment

Answer 54

amiloride

Question 55

Difference between metabolic alkalosis from vomiting and from diuretic use

Answer 55

urine chloride is low in vomiting, high in diuretic use

Question 56

Fanconi syndrome

Answer 56

defect in proximal tubule transport process and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 57

Causes for distal RTA

Answer 57

``` autoimmune disorders sjögren's syndrome systemic lupus erythematosus rheumatoid arthritis isofamide amphotericin B, lithium carbonate, toluene inhalation sarcoidosis ```

Question 58

most common RTA

Answer 58

hypoaldesterone states | type IV

Question 59

Chronic levels of elevated PTH will cause...

Answer 59

sub-periosteal resorption