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Physiology > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Waste products

A

urea
Uric Acid
creatinine

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2
Q

Nephron with short loops of Henle

A

cortical nephrons

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3
Q

7/8 of all nephrons

A

cortical nephrons

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4
Q

1/8 of all nephrons

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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5
Q

basic renal processes

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

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6
Q

Excretion rate formula

A

EX=(filtration rate - reabsorption rate) + secretion rate

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7
Q

Relaxation of the detrusor muscle

A

sympathetic input via the B-3 receptor (Gs-cAMP)

In addition, sympathetic input contracts the internal sphincter via α-1 receptors

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8
Q

Only force that promotes filtration

A

hydrostatic pressure of the glomerural capillaries

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9
Q

Main force driving reabsorption at the proxima tubule

A

oncotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries

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10
Q

glomerulus membran structures

A

capillary endothelial wall
glomerular basement membrane
epithelial cell layer of podocytes

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11
Q

materials easily or freely filtered

A 
major electrolytes
metabolic waste products
metabolites
nonnatural substances
lower-weight proteins and peptides
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12
Q

Normal renal plasma flow

A

600 ml/min

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13
Q

normal filtration fraction

A

20%

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14
Q

osmolarity of ultrafiltrate

A

300 mOsm/kg

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15
Q

Effect of catecholamine and angiotensin II in sodium

A

enhance the fraction of sodium reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

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16
Q

Canagliflozin mechanism of action

A

blocks SGLT-2, inhibiting the proximal tubule reabsorption of glucose

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17
Q

Calbindin function

A

Facilitates calcium reabsorption

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18
Q

Gitelman syndrome

A

Mutated NaCl transporter

Patients are hypokalemic, alkalotic, and low urinary calcium

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19
Q

H+ buffers

A

Phosphate

Ammonia

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20
Q

most common cause for chronic renal failure

A

diabetic nephropathy

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21
Q

Winter’s equation

A

Predicted PACO2= (1.5*HCO3-) + 8

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22
Q

Expected PaCo2 equation

A

(0.7*rise in HCO3-) + 40

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23
Q

major plasma cation

A

Na+

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24
Q

estimated PAG formula

A

PAG= Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-)

25
Q

Normal PAG

A

12 +/- 2

26
Q

MUDPILES

A 
methanol
uremia
diabetic ketoacidosis
paraldehyde
iron; isoniazid
lactic acidosis
ethylene glycol; ehtanl ketoacidosis
salicylates; starvation ketoacidosis; sepsis
27
Q

HARDUP

A 
Hyperchloremia
Acetazolamide
Renal tubular acidosis
Diarrhea
Ureteral diversion
Pancreatic fistula
28
Q

Acute respiratory acidosis compensation ratio

A

1:0.1

29
Q

Chronic respiratory acidosis compensation ratio

A

1:0.35

30
Q

Acute respiratory alkalosiscompensation ratio

A

1:0.2

31
Q

Chronic respiratory alkalosis compensation ratio

A

1:0.5

32
Q

Adenosine effect on coronary blood vessels

A

Vasodilates

33
Q

Effect of adenosine on renal blood vessels

A

Vasoconstrict the afferent arteriole

34
Q

Normal GFR

A

120 mL/min

180 L/day

35
Q

Causes for renin release

A

Decreased flow in afferent arterioles
Increased sympathetic drive to JG cells
Low luminal NaCl at the macula densa

36
Q

Filtered load formula

A

GFR*Px

37
Q

Excretion rate formula

A

Ux*V

38
Q

Clearance equation

A

Excretion rate / Px = (Ux*V)/Px

39
Q

Glucose TM

A

375 mg/min

40
Q

Where is phosphate mainly reabsorbed?

A

proximal tubule

41
Q

Which hormone inhibits phosphate reabsorbtion?

A

PTH

42
Q

Where does bicarbonate is reabsorbed?

A

proximal tubule

43
Q

Which hormone stimulates Na+H+ antiporter?

A

angiotensin II

44
Q

In which portion of the nephron do you absorb the most water?

A

proximal tubule

45
Q

Most of the uric acid is reabsorbed where?

A

proximal tubule

46
Q

In which portion of the nephron is the luminal pH the lowest?

A

Collecting duct

47
Q

Barter syndrome

A

genetic mutation of the Na, 2Cl-, K transporter in the loop of Henle

48
Q

Genetic disorder that affects the CaSR

A

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

49
Q

Gitelman syndrome

A

mutation of the NaCl transporter

50
Q

Clinical manifestations of gitelman syndrome

A

hypokalemia
alkalotic
low urine calcium

51
Q

Where does PTH work on the neprhon?

A

Distal tubule

52
Q

Nephron cell that synthesises bicarbonate

A

intercalated cell

53
Q

Liddle syndrome

A

gain of function of ENaC channels in the collecting duct

54
Q

Liddle syndrome treatment

A

amiloride

55
Q

Difference between metabolic alkalosis from vomiting and from diuretic use

A

urine chloride is low in vomiting, high in diuretic use

56
Q

Fanconi syndrome

A

defect in proximal tubule transport process and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

57
Q

Causes for distal RTA

A 
autoimmune disorders
sjögren's syndrome
systemic lupus erythematosus
rheumatoid arthritis
isofamide
amphotericin B, lithium carbonate, toluene inhalation
sarcoidosis
58
Q

most common RTA

A

hypoaldesterone states

type IV

59
Q

Chronic levels of elevated PTH will cause…

A

sub-periosteal resorption

Physiology (8 decks)

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