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Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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2
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

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3
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone- releasing hormone

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4
Q

SST

A

somatostatin

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5
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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6
Q

Hormone synhesized in the preoptic nucleus

A

GnRH

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7
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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8
Q

ACTH

A

corticotropin

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9
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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10
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimualting hormone

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11
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

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12
Q

Causes of hypopituitarism

A

head trauma, mass

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13
Q

kallman syndrome

A

defective GnRH synthesis

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14
Q

Most common tumoor affecting the hupothalamic-pituitary sustem in children

A

cranipharyngioma

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15
Q

Sheehan syndrome

A

arteriolar spasm in the pituitary with subsequent ischemic necrosis due to delivery blood loss in pregnancy

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16
Q

Strong clinical sign of sheehan syndrome

A

failure to lactate

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17
Q

Most common cause of hypothalamic.pituitary dysfunction

A

pituitary adenoma

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18
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary

A

arginine vasopressin, oxytocin

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19
Q

Location of the cell bodies of the posterior pituitary

A

supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamis

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20
Q

Where is ADH synthesized?

A

uspraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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21
Q

Where is the ADH stored?

A

posterior pituitary

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22
Q

Main target of ADH

A

V2 receptors in the renal collecting duct

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23
Q

Function of the ADH

A

increases permeability of the duct to water by placing aquaporins in the luminal membrane
Contracts vascular smooth muscle (V1)

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24
Q

ANP function

A

increase sodium loss by dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole

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25
Neprilysin
enzyme that metabolizes ANP and BNP
26
Sacubitril
drug that inhibits neprilysin
27
adrenal cortex regions
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis medulla
28
homones in the zona glomerulosa
aldosterone
29
hormones in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
cortison and androgens
30
hormones in the medulla
epinephrine
31
major mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
32
major glucocorticoid
cortisol
33
testosterone producing cell
leydig cells
34
Stress hormones
Growth hormone Glucagon Cortisol Epinephrine
35
Function of cortisol
Mobilizes fat, protein and carbohydrate
36
Aldosterone effect in the intercalated cells
Promotes secretion of H+
37
Aldosterone effect in the principal cells
Promotes the activity of the Na/K ATPase
38
Cushing syndrome
Hypercortisolism regardless of origin
39
Cushing disease
Hypercortisolism due to an adenoma of the anterior pituitary
40
Causes for false positive 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test
Alcoholism | Depression
41
Primary hypocortisolism
Addison's disease
42
Conn's syndrome
Primary hyperaldosteronism
43
Most common congenital endocrine enzyme deficiency
21-B hydroxylase deficiency
44
Difference between 21-B hydroxylase deficiency and 11-B hydroxylase
High blood pressure in 11-B hydroxylase due to 11-deoxycorticosterone
45
pheochromocytoma
adrenal tumors that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in various ratios
46
endocrine pancreas cells
delta alpha beta
47
cells that secrete somatostatin
delta cells
48
cells that secrete glucagon
alpha cells
49
cells that secrete insulin and c peptide
beta cells
50
anabolic hormones
insulin thyroid hormones growth hormone/IGF I sex steroids
51
pancreatic endocrine secreting tumors
``` insulinomas gastrinomas glucagonomas somostatinomas VIPomas ```
52
most common islet cell tumor
Insulinomas
53
alkalosis effect on plasma calcium
decreases free plasma calcium
54
acidosis effect on plasma calcium
increases free plasma calcium
55
PTH function
increases Ca2+ reabsorption in proximal tubule stimulates the 1-aplpha-hydroxylase (converting inactive vitamin D) causes bone resorption, releasing Ca2+ and Pi into the blood
56
magnesium effect on calcium
hypomagnesemia prevents PTH secretion and induces hypocalcemia
57
functional unit of the thyroid gland
follicle
58
T4:T3 secretion ratio
20:1
59
TPO antibodies
elevated in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and graves' disease
60
most common cause for primary hypothyroidism
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
61
crenitism
a form of dwarfism with mental retardation
62
most common cause for primary hyperthyroidism
Graves' disease
63
leading cause of low birth weight worldwide
poor maternal nutrition
64
Laron syndrome
tissue resistance to growth hormone | lack of GH receptor
65
major stimulus for cell division of the cartilage-synthesizing cells in the epiphyseal plates of long bones
IGF-1
66
target of LH in males
leydig cells
67
target of FSH in males
sertoli cells
68
function of inhibin B
feedback regulation on FSH
69
Enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone
5-alpha reductase
70
hormones required for normal male development
testosterone dihydrotestosterone müllerian inhibiting factor
71
menstrual cycle phases
follicular phase ovulation luteal phase menses
72
theca cells
cell that produces androgens in the female reproductive system
73
Only constant hormone
thyroid
74
rate limiting effect of hormones
hormone plasma level
75
MEN 1
hyperparathyroidism endocrine pancreas tumors pituitary adenomas
76
MEN 2A
thyroid medullary carcinoma pheochromocytoma hyperparathyroidism
77
MEN 2B
thyroid medullary carcinoma pheochromocytoma no hyperparathyroidism
78
kallman syndrome
no production of GnRH
79
most common microadenoma of the pituitary
prolactinoma
80
hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary
oxytocine | ADH
81
causes for SIADH
``` lung pathology brain pathology drugs cancer lesions in the baroreceptor system ```
82
V2 receptor antagonists
conivaptan | tolvaptan
83
central pontine myelinolysis cause
fast Na correction
84
only ACTH feedback inhibition
cortisol
85
19 carbon steroids
androgens
86
18 carbon steroids
estrogens
87
21 carbon steroids
aldosterone | cortisol
88
aliskiren
blocks the conversion from angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
89
spirinolactone and epierenone
block the formation of aldosterone
90
alkalosis effect on calcium
reduces free calcium
91
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
acute 1° adrenal insufficiency fue to adrenal hemorrhage associated with septicemia, DIC, endotoxic shock
92
most common cause of Addison disease in the developing world
TB
93
incretins
GIP: gastric inhibitory peptide or glucose insulinotropic peptide GLP: glucagon-like peptide
94
incretin function
stimuli that promote insulin secretion
95
T3 6 Bs
``` Brain maturation Bone growth B-adrenergic effects Basal metabolic rate Blood sugar Break down lipids ```

Physiology (8 decks)

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