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Physiology > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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2
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

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3
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone- releasing hormone

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4
Q

SST

A

somatostatin

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5
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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6
Q

Hormone synhesized in the preoptic nucleus

A

GnRH

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7
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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8
Q

ACTH

A

corticotropin

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9
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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10
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimualting hormone

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11
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

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12
Q

Causes of hypopituitarism

A

head trauma, mass

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13
Q

kallman syndrome

A

defective GnRH synthesis

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14
Q

Most common tumoor affecting the hupothalamic-pituitary sustem in children

A

cranipharyngioma

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15
Q

Sheehan syndrome

A

arteriolar spasm in the pituitary with subsequent ischemic necrosis due to delivery blood loss in pregnancy

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16
Q

Strong clinical sign of sheehan syndrome

A

failure to lactate

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17
Q

Most common cause of hypothalamic.pituitary dysfunction

A

pituitary adenoma

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18
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary

A

arginine vasopressin, oxytocin

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19
Q

Location of the cell bodies of the posterior pituitary

A

supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamis

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20
Q

Where is ADH synthesized?

A

uspraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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21
Q

Where is the ADH stored?

A

posterior pituitary

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22
Q

Main target of ADH

A

V2 receptors in the renal collecting duct

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23
Q

Function of the ADH

A

increases permeability of the duct to water by placing aquaporins in the luminal membrane
Contracts vascular smooth muscle (V1)

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24
Q

ANP function

A

increase sodium loss by dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole

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25
Q

Neprilysin

A

enzyme that metabolizes ANP and BNP

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26
Q

Sacubitril

A

drug that inhibits neprilysin

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27
Q

adrenal cortex regions

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
medulla

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28
Q

homones in the zona glomerulosa

A

aldosterone

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29
Q

hormones in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

A

cortison and androgens

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30
Q

hormones in the medulla

A

epinephrine

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31
Q

major mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

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32
Q

major glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

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33
Q

testosterone producing cell

A

leydig cells

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34
Q

Stress hormones

A

Growth hormone
Glucagon
Cortisol
Epinephrine

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35
Q

Function of cortisol

A

Mobilizes fat, protein and carbohydrate

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36
Q

Aldosterone effect in the intercalated cells

A

Promotes secretion of H+

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37
Q

Aldosterone effect in the principal cells

A

Promotes the activity of the Na/K ATPase

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38
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Hypercortisolism regardless of origin

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39
Q

Cushing disease

A

Hypercortisolism due to an adenoma of the anterior pituitary

40
Q

Causes for false positive 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test

A

Alcoholism

Depression

41
Q

Primary hypocortisolism

A

Addison’s disease

42
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism

43
Q

Most common congenital endocrine enzyme deficiency

A

21-B hydroxylase deficiency

44
Q

Difference between 21-B hydroxylase deficiency and 11-B hydroxylase

A

High blood pressure in 11-B hydroxylase due to 11-deoxycorticosterone

45
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

adrenal tumors that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in various ratios

46
Q

endocrine pancreas cells

A

delta
alpha
beta

47
Q

cells that secrete somatostatin

A

delta cells

48
Q

cells that secrete glucagon

A

alpha cells

49
Q

cells that secrete insulin and c peptide

A

beta cells

50
Q

anabolic hormones

A

insulin
thyroid hormones
growth hormone/IGF I
sex steroids

51
Q

pancreatic endocrine secreting tumors

A 
insulinomas
gastrinomas
glucagonomas
somostatinomas
VIPomas
52
Q

most common islet cell tumor

A

Insulinomas

53
Q

alkalosis effect on plasma calcium

A

decreases free plasma calcium

54
Q

acidosis effect on plasma calcium

A

increases free plasma calcium

55
Q

PTH function

A

increases Ca2+ reabsorption in proximal tubule
stimulates the 1-aplpha-hydroxylase (converting inactive vitamin D)
causes bone resorption, releasing Ca2+ and Pi into the blood

56
Q

magnesium effect on calcium

A

hypomagnesemia prevents PTH secretion and induces hypocalcemia

57
Q

functional unit of the thyroid gland

A

follicle

58
Q

T4:T3 secretion ratio

A

20:1

59
Q

TPO antibodies

A

elevated in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and graves’ disease

60
Q

most common cause for primary hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

61
Q

crenitism

A

a form of dwarfism with mental retardation

62
Q

most common cause for primary hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease

63
Q

leading cause of low birth weight worldwide

A

poor maternal nutrition

64
Q

Laron syndrome

A

tissue resistance to growth hormone

lack of GH receptor

65
Q

major stimulus for cell division of the cartilage-synthesizing cells in the epiphyseal plates of long bones

A

IGF-1

66
Q

target of LH in males

A

leydig cells

67
Q

target of FSH in males

A

sertoli cells

68
Q

function of inhibin B

A

feedback regulation on FSH

69
Q

Enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

A

5-alpha reductase

70
Q

hormones required for normal male development

A

testosterone
dihydrotestosterone
müllerian inhibiting factor

71
Q

menstrual cycle phases

A

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase
menses

72
Q

theca cells

A

cell that produces androgens in the female reproductive system

73
Q

Only constant hormone

A

thyroid

74
Q

rate limiting effect of hormones

A

hormone plasma level

75
Q

MEN 1

A

hyperparathyroidism
endocrine pancreas tumors
pituitary adenomas

76
Q

MEN 2A

A

thyroid medullary carcinoma
pheochromocytoma
hyperparathyroidism

77
Q

MEN 2B

A

thyroid medullary carcinoma
pheochromocytoma
no hyperparathyroidism

78
Q

kallman syndrome

A

no production of GnRH

79
Q

most common microadenoma of the pituitary

A

prolactinoma

80
Q

hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocine

ADH

81
Q

causes for SIADH

A 
lung pathology
brain pathology
drugs
cancer
lesions in the baroreceptor system
82
Q

V2 receptor antagonists

A

conivaptan

tolvaptan

83
Q

central pontine myelinolysis cause

A

fast Na correction

84
Q

only ACTH feedback inhibition

A

cortisol

85
Q

19 carbon steroids

A

androgens

86
Q

18 carbon steroids

A

estrogens

87
Q

21 carbon steroids

A

aldosterone

cortisol

88
Q

aliskiren

A

blocks the conversion from angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

89
Q

spirinolactone and epierenone

A

block the formation of aldosterone

90
Q

alkalosis effect on calcium

A

reduces free calcium

91
Q

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

A

acute 1° adrenal insufficiency fue to adrenal hemorrhage associated with septicemia, DIC, endotoxic shock

92
Q

most common cause of Addison disease in the developing world

A

TB

93
Q

incretins

A

GIP: gastric inhibitory peptide or glucose insulinotropic peptide
GLP: glucagon-like peptide

94
Q

incretin function

A

stimuli that promote insulin secretion

95
Q

T3 6 Bs

A 
Brain maturation
Bone growth
B-adrenergic effects
Basal metabolic rate
Blood sugar
Break down lipids

Physiology (8 decks)

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