Renal Flashcards
Eosinophilic casts in the urine are a sign of what?
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
What is the investigation of choice in reflux nephropathy?
Micturating cystography
When is haemofiltration used instead of haemodialysis with deranged U+Es?
When the patient is haemodynamically unstable
What are the symptoms of hypokalaemia?
Leg cramps, weakness, arrhythmias, ascending paralysis
What ECG changes are seen in hypokalaemia?
Flattened T waves
U waves
ST segment changes
In treating hypokalaemia, why must potassium be diluted to low concentrations?
High concentrations –> phlebitis (vein inflammation)
Using urea and creatinine levels, how would you differentiate between AKI and dehydration?
Dehydration –> proportionately larger increase in urea than Cr
AKI –> proportionately larger increase in Cr than urea
How do you calculate an anion gap from ABG results?
(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
When would a raised anion gap be seen?
Lactate: shock, sepsis, hypoxia
Ketones: diabetic ketoacidosis, alcohol
Urate: renal failure
What is the anion gap used to classify?
Metabolic acidosis
What is the normal range for the anion gap?
10-18mmol/L
What is Alport syndrome?
Genetic condition characterised by:
- kidney disease
- hearing loss
- eye abnormalities
What are the features of amyloidosis?
Weakness
Breathlessness
Loss of renal function
Hepatosplenomegaly
What is amyloidosis?
A condition in which there is extra-cellular deposition of amyloid –> tissue/organ dysfunction
Dx: congo-red staining
What are the blood and urine findings in rhabdomyolysis?
Blood:
- AKI with disproportionately raised creatinine
- elevated phosphate
- elevated CK
- hypocalcaemia
- hyperkalaemia
- metabolic acidosis
Urine
- myoglobinuria
