Paeds Flashcards
Name 3 causative organisms for pneumonia in a neonate.
Group B streptococcus (mother’s genital tract)
Klebsiella (gram negative)
E. coli (gram negative)
Name 3 causative organisms for pneumonia in infants/young children (<5yrs).
RSV
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Name 2 causative organisms for pneumonia in a child >5yrs.
Steptococcus pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
What is the treatment for pneumonia which is likely caused by strep. pneumoniae?
Oral amoxicillin (oral erythromycin also used in older children)
What are the TB treatment drugs + side effect?
Rifampicin –> orange secretions, careful with COCP (p450 inducer)
Isoniazid –> liver toxicity, peripheral neuropathy
Pyrazidamide –> liver toxicity, arthralgia
Ethambutol –> optic neuritis (colour blindness, optic atrophy
What is the causative organism in croup?
Parainfluenza virus
What are the features of croup?
Barking cough
Mild fever
Subglottic oedema
Increased secretions
What is the management in croup?
Warm air inhalation
Oral dexamethasone
Oral prednisolone
If O2 sats are low in a child with croup, how should they be managed?
High flow O2
Nebulised adrenaline
What is the causative organism in acute epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenzae type B
At what ages to children receive the H influenzae B vaccine
8 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks, 1yr
What is the antibiotic treatment for a child with acute epiglottitis?
IV cefuroxime
What prophylactic antibiotic do you give to the family when a child is diagnosed with acute epiglottitis?
Rifampicin
What is the causative organism in bronchiolitis?
RSV (respiratory synticitial virus)
Name 4 differentials for a child who presents with cough, breathlessness,coryza, increased work of breathing, problems feeding, tachycardia
Cystic fibrosis
Pneumonia
Bronchiolitis
Foreign body inhalation
What prevention medication for bronchiolitis would you give to high-risk preterm infants?
Palivizumab (monoclonal antibody)
How would a neonate with cystic fibrosis present?
Meconium ileus
- inspissated meconium causes intestinal obstruction
Name 2 organisms likely to cause chronic lung infection in cystic fibrosis.
Staphylococcus aureus
Haemophilus influenzae
What faeces finding is diagnostic in cystic fibrosis?
Low elastase in faeces
also see steatorrhoea due to pancreatic insufficiency
What type of diet would you recommend to someone with cystic fibrosis?
High calorie
High fat intake
What type of cough occurs in bronchitis?
Whooping
What are the 3 phases of bronchitis?
Catarrhal phase = 1 week of coryza
Paroxysmal phase = 3-6 weeks cough with inspiratory whoop
Convalescent phase = symptoms gradually decrease
What is the causative organism in bronchitis?
Bordatella pertussis (gram negative)
What would the blood culture show in bronchitis?
Marked lymphocytosis on film (lots of lymphocytes)
When are children vaccinated against Bordatella pertussis?
2 months
3 months
4 months
3-5yrs
What antibiotic might be given, and when, in bronchitis?
Erythromycin (a macrolide) decreases symptoms if given in the catarrhal phase
Name 4 features of an innocent murmur
Soft
Systolic
Asymptomatic
Left sternal edge
What medication keeps ducts patent?
Prostaglandins
What medications cause ducts to close?
NSAIDs
What is Eisenmenger syndrome?
L to R shunt –> pulmonary HTN & resistance –> R to L shunt with cyanosis
When is a diagnosis of persistent ductus arteriosus made?
When duct fails to close by 1 month after expected delivery date.
Name three congenital heart defects which are acyanotic and are not due to obstruction.
Ventricular septal defect
Persistent ductus arteriosus
Atrial septal defect
