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Finals - Abi Houghton > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ECG findings in hypokalaemia?

A 
U waves
Small or absent T waves
Prolonged PR interval
ST depression
(in hypokalaemia you have no Pot and no Tea, but a long PR and a long QT)
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2
Q

On an ECG, which are the inferior leads?

A

II, III, aVF

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3
Q

On an ECG, which are the lateral leads?

A

I, aVL, V5, V6

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4
Q

On an ECG, which are the anterior leads?

A

V3, V4

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5
Q

On an ECG, which are the septal leads?

A

V1, V2

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6
Q

Which scoring system determines the need for anti-coagulants in AF?

A

CHA2DS2-VASc

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7
Q

Which scoring system identifies risk of stroke in patients who have had a TIA?

A

ABCD2

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8
Q

Which scoring system estimates the risk of major bleeding for patients with AF and on an anti-coagulant?

A

HAS-BLED

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9
Q

Which scoring system estimates the 10yr risk of a CV event?

A

QRISK3

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10
Q

What is an inotrope and describe the different types.

A

Inotrope = medicine that changes the force of the heart’s contractions

  • positive inotropes strengthen the force of the heart beat
  • negative inotropes weaken the force of the heart bean
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11
Q

What is Dressler’s syndrome?

A

Delayed secondary pericarditis following injury to the heart, e.g. MI, occurs 2-6 weeks post-injury

  • -> fever, pleuritic pain, pericardial effusion, raised ESR
  • treat with NSAIDs
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12
Q

What is the Valsalva manoeuvre?

A

Forced exhalation against closed airway (by closing mouth and holding nose)

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13
Q

In a stable patient with supraventricular tachycardia, what are the 1st and 2nd line treatment options?

A 
1st = valsalva manoeuvre
2nd = IV adenosine
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14
Q

What ECG finding would indicate SVT?

A

Narrow complex tachycardia (sudden onset)

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15
Q

How does adenosine act on the heart?

A

Decreases heart rate and reduces conduction velocity, especially at the AV node

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16
Q

What is the 1st-line investigation in suspected PE?

A

CT pulmonary angiogram

2nd = V/Q scan

17
Q

What ECG changes might you see in a patient with PE?

A 
S1Q3T3
 - large S wave in lead 1
 - large Q wave in lead 3
 - inverted T wave in lead 3
RBBB
Right axis deviation
18
Q

What is Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?

A

‘Broken heart syndrome’, also ‘apical ballooning syndrome’
Cardiomyopathy induced by severe stressful triggers
It is a differential for ST elevation in a patient with no obstructive coronary artery disease

19
Q

Ototoxicity is a side effect of which medication?

A

Loop diuretics

20
Q

What ECG features are associated with hypothermia?

A 
Bradycardia
J waves
1st degree heart block
Long QT interval
Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias
21
Q

On an ECG, what are Q waves indicative of?

A

Previous MI

22
Q

On an ECG, what are Delta waves a feature of?

A

Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome

23
Q

On an ECG, what is saddle ST elevation associated with?

A

Pericarditis

24
Q

Describe the murmur in aortic stenosis.

A

Ejection systolic
Aortic area
Radiating to carotids

25
Q

Describe the murmur in tricuspid regurgitation.

A

Pansystolic
Tricuspid area
Radiates to 4th intercostal space

26
Q

Describe the murmur in mitral regurgitation.

A

Pansystolic
Mitral area
Radiates to axilla

27
Q

Describe the murmur in mitral stenosis.

A

Mid-diastolic
Mitral area
Radiates to axilla

28
Q

Describe the murmur in aortic regurgitation.

A

Early diastolic

High-pitched and ‘blowing’ in character

29
Q

What is an Austin-Flint murmur?

A

Severe aortic regurgitation
Mid-late diastolic
‘Rumbling’ in character

30
Q

What is a Graham-Steel murmur?

A

Pulmonary regurgitation

High-pitched and ‘blowing’ in character (like aortic stenosis)

31
Q

What heart murmur are you likely to find in Down’s Syndrome?

A

Harsh pansystolic murmur best heard at the left sternal edge

- due to ventricular septal defect

32
Q

What is the treatment for Torsades de Pointes?

A

Magnesium sulphate

33
Q

Name four ECG changes that are normal variants in athletes.

A

Sinus bradycardia
Junctional rhythm
1st degree heart block
Wenckeback phenomenon

34
Q

What medication is contraindicated in aortic stenosis?

A

Nitrates (e.g. GTN spray) due to risk of hypotension

35
Q

Name five ECG changes seen in hypothermia.

A 
Bradycardia
J wave (small hump at end of QRS complex)
Long QT interval
First degree heart block
Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias
36
Q

What is the reversal for warfain?

A

Prothrombin complex concentrate

37
Q

What is the first line treatment for stable angina?

A

Beta blocker

38
Q

What angina medication should be avoided with beta blockers?

A

Verapamil

Finals - Abi Houghton (17 decks)

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