Renal

Question 1

Nephritic Syndrome 
(definition)

Answer 1

1. proteinuria
2. haematuria (leading to red cell casts)
   - due to small pores in podocytes

+/- hypertension (due to salt and water retention)
+/- uraemia
+/- azotemia
+/- oliguria

Question 2

Causes of nephritic syndrome

Answer 2

post-strep
lupus
chronic liver failure
Alport's nephritis
HSP

Question 3

effects of Wegener’s granulomatosis

Answer 3

1. KIDNEY - progressive GN –> CKD
2. NOSE - pain, inflammation, bleeding –> saddle nose
3. LUNG - nodules, infiltrates, haemorrhages, cavity lesions

+ hearing loss, subglottic stenosis, arthritis, purpura, elbow nodules, neuropathies

Question 4

What is Wegener’s granulomatosis?

Answer 4

ANCA positive vasculitis

Question 5

Treatment for Wegener’s granulomatosis

Answer 5

steroids
cyclophosphamide

+/- methotrexate
+/- azathioprine