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S. One > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the nephron concentrates urine?

A

Medulla

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2
Q

What is the course of the ureter?

A

Under the uterine artery and under the deferens.

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3
Q

What is the 60/40/20 rule?

A

60% total body water
40% ICF
20% ECF

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4
Q

Goldblatt’e kidney?

A

Flea-bitten kidney (blown capillaries)

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5
Q

Uremia?

A

Azotemia + symptoms

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6
Q

Azotemia?

A

Inc BUN/Cr

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7
Q

Nephritic kidney disease?

A

Inc size of fenestrations —> vasculitis

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8
Q

Nephrotic kidney disease?

A

Lose of Basement Membrane charge due to deposition of heparin sulfate —> massive proteinuria and lipiduria

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9
Q

What is seen in RPGN (Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis)?

A

Crescents

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10
Q

Post-Strep GN?

A

Subepithelial, IgG/C3/C4 deposition, ASO Ab

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11
Q

Interstitial Nephritis?

A

Urine eosinophils or eosinophilic casts

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12
Q

Lupus Nephritis?

A

Subepithelial

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13
Q

MGN (Membranoglomerulonephritis)?

A

Deposition of “something”

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14
Q

MPGN (Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis)?

A

Tram-tracks (Type II has low C3)

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15
Q

MCD (Minimal Change Disease)?

A

Kids, fused foot processes, no renal failure, loss of charge barrier

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16
Q

FSGS (Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis)?

A

AA, HIV patients

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17
Q

What are the vasculitis with low C3?

A

PMS in Salt Lake City

Post-Strep GN
MPGN Type II
SBE
Serum sickness
Lupus
Cryoglobulinemia
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18
Q

What is the most common cause of kidney stones?

A

Dehydration

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19
Q

What is the most common type of kidney stones?

A

Calcium phosphate

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20
Q

What type of kidney stones have coffin-lid crystals?

A

Triple phosphate

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21
Q

What type of kidney stones have rosette crystals?

A

Uric acid

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22
Q

What type of kidney stones have hexagonal crystals?

A

Cystine

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23
Q

What type of kidney stones have envelope or dumbbell shaped crystals?

A

Oxalate

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24
Q

What disease has Aniridia?

A

Wilm’s tumor

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25
Q

What disease has Iridocyclitis?

A

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

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26
Q

Phimosis?

A

Foreskin scarred at penis head (foreskin stuck smooshed up)

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27
Q

Paraphimosis?

A

Foreskin scarred at penis base (retraction of foreskin —> strangulates penis)

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28
Q

Urge Incontinence?

A

Urgency leads to complete voiding

Detrusor splasticity —> small bladder volume

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29
Q

Stress Incontinence?

A

Weak pelvic floor muscles

Estrogen effect

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30
Q

Overflow Incontinence?

A

Runs down leg but can’t completely empty bladder

31
Q

What structures have one way valves?

A

Urethra, ejaculatory duct

32
Q

What structures have fake sphincters?

A

Ureters, LES, ileocecal valve

33
Q

What has WBC casts?

A

Nephritis

34
Q

What has WBC casts only?

A

Pyelonephritis (sepsis)

35
Q

What has WBC casts + eosinophils?

A

Interstitial nephritis (allergies)

36
Q

What has WBC casts + RBC casts?

A

Glomerulonephritis

37
Q

What has Fat casts?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

38
Q

What has Waxy casts?

A

Chronic renal failure

39
Q

What has Tubular casts?

A

ATN

40
Q

What has Muddy brown casts?

A

ATN

41
Q

What has Hyaline casts?

A

Normal sloughing

42
Q

What has Epithelial casts?

A

Normal sloughing

43
Q

What has Crescents?

A

RPGN

44
Q

How do you measure Afferent renal function?

A

Creatinine or inulin

45
Q

How do you measure Efferent renal function?

A

BUN or PAH

46
Q

What is the Afferent arteriole’s job?

A

Filter

47
Q

What happens if you constrict the Afferent arteriole?

A

RPF goes down
GFR goes down
FF (GFR/RPF) stays the same

48
Q

What is the Efferent arteriole’s job?

A

Secrete

49
Q

What happens if you constrict the Efferent arteriole?

A

RPF goes down
GFR goes up
FF (GFR/RPF) goes up

50
Q

How do you test Afferent arteriole function?

A

GFR

51
Q

What is normal GFR?

A

100 mL/min

52
Q

How do you test Efferent arteriole function?

A

RPF

53
Q

What happens if you increase plasma protein concentration?

A

RPF stays unchanged
GFR goes down
FF (GFR/RPF) goes down

54
Q

What happens if you decrease plasma protein concentration?

A

RPF stays unchanged
GFR goes up
FF (GFR/RPF) goes up

55
Q

What is pre-renal failure?

A

Low flow to kidney (BUN:Cr > 20)

56
Q

What is renal failure?

A

Damage to glomerulus (BUN:Cr < 20)

57
Q

What is post-renal failure?

A

Obstruction (haven’t peed in last 4 days)

58
Q

What is the job of the proximal tubule?

A

Reabsorb glucose, amino acids, salt, and bicarb

59
Q

What is the job of the thin ascending limb?

A

Reabsorb water

60
Q

What is the job of the thick ascending limb?

A

Make the concentration gradient by reabsorbing Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca without water

61
Q

What is the job of the early distal tubule?

A

Concentrate urine by reabsorbing NaCl (hypotonic)

62
Q

What is the job of the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

A

Final concentration of urine by reabsorbing water, excretion of acid

63
Q

What does the macula densa do?

A

Measures osmolarity

64
Q

What does the JG apparatus do?

A

Measures volume

65
Q

Fanconi’s Syndrome?

A

Old tetracycline use —> urine phosphates, glucose, amino acids

66
Q

Bartter’s Syndrome?

A

Baby with defective triple transporter (low Na, Cl, K with normal BP)

67
Q

Psychogenic Polydipsia?

A

No concentrating ability —> cerebral edema

68
Q

Hepatorenal Syndrome

A

High urea from liver —> increased activity of glutaminase —> inc NH4+ —> GABA —> kidney stops working

69
Q

Type I RTA?

A

Distal renal tubular acidosis
H/K in collecting duct is broken —> high urine pH
(UTI, stones, Li)

70
Q

Type II RTA?

A

Proximal RTA: bad CA —> lost all bicarb —> low urine pH

Multiple myeloma

71
Q

Type III RTA?

A

RTA I + II —> normal urine pH (5-6)

72
Q

Type IV RTA?

A

Infarct of JG —> no renin —> no aldosterone —> high K

DM, NSAIDs, ACEi, heparin

73
Q

Central Pontine Myelinolysis?

A

Due to correcting Na faster than 0.5mEq/hr

S. One (24 decks)

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