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S. One > Pulmonology > Flashcards

Pulmonology Flashcards

1
Q

List four types of cells in the lungs?

A

Goblet: mucus production
Type I Pneumocyte: macrophages (95%)
Type II Pneumocyte: surfactant production
Clara/Dust (Macrophages): ingest dust particles

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2
Q

What is the histology of the trachea?

A

Top 1/3: stratified squamous epithelium – protect against abrasion
Middle 1/3: mixture
Lower 1/3: tall columnar pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

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3
Q

What muscles are needed to breathe IN?

A

Innermost intercostals – contralateral chest wall
External intercostals – ipsilateral chest wall
Diaphragm

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4
Q

What muscles are needed to force air IN?

A

Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Trapezius
Pectoralis Major and Minor

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5
Q

What muscles are needed to breathe OUT?

A

Passive – recoil

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6
Q

What muscles are needed to force air OUT?

A

Internal and External Oblique
Recurs Abdominus
Transverse Abdominus
Quadratus Lumborum

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7
Q

What is the difference between the carotid body and the carotid?

A

Carotid body: chemoreceptor

Carotid sinus: baroreceptor

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8
Q

What color is air on X-ray?

A

Black “radiolucent”

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9
Q

What color is fluid/solids on X-ray?

A

White “radiopaque”

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10
Q

What disease has steeple sign on neck film?

A

Croup

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11
Q

What disease has thumb sign on neck film?

A

Epiglottitis

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12
Q

What is a “blue bloater”?

A

Bronchitis (chronic)

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13
Q

What is a “pink puffer”?

A

Emphysema

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14
Q

What diseases have pulmonary eosinophilia?

A

Aspergillosis, strongyloides

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15
Q

What drugs cause pulmonary eosinophilia?

A

Nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides

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16
Q

What are the risk factors for lung cancer?

A

Smoking, radon, 2nd hand smoke, pneumoconiosis (except anthracosis)

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17
Q

What diseases have hemoptysis?

A

Bronchiectasis, bronchitis, pneumonia, TB, lung cancer

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18
Q

Where is a Bokdalek hernia?

A

Back of diaphragm

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19
Q

Where is a Morgagni hernia?

A

Middle of diaphragm

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20
Q

What diseases have respiratory alkalosis?

A

Restrictive lung diseases – anxiety, pregnancy, Gram - sepsis, PE

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21
Q

What diseases have respiratory acidosis?

A

Obstructive lung diseases

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22
Q

What diseases have metabolic alkalosis?

A

Low volume state – vomiting, diuretics, GI blood loss

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23
Q

What diseases have metabolic acidosis?

A

Acid production – MUDPILES , RTA II, diarrhea

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24
Q

What is the obstructive pattern of blood gasses?

A

Inc pCO2 —> dec pH, inc RR —> inc pO2

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25
Q

What is the restrictive pattern of blood gasses?

A

Dec pO2 —> in RR —> dec pCO2 —> inc pH

26
Q

What does stridor tell you?

A

Extrathoracic narrowing —> narrows when breathing in —> neck X-ray

27
Q

What does wheezing tell you?

A

Intrathoracic narrowing —> narrows when breathing out —> chest X-ray

28
Q

What does rhonchi tell you?

A

Mucus in airway —> obstructive lung disease

29
Q

What does grunting tell you?

A

Blows collapsed alveoli open —> restrictive lung disease

30
Q

What does dull percussion tell you?

A

Something between airspace and chest wall absorbing sound (fluid or solid)

31
Q

What does hyperresonance tell you?

A

Lungs hyperinflated with air

32
Q

What does tracheal deviation tell you?

A

Away from pneumothorax OR toward atelectasis “air phobic”

33
Q

What does fremitus, egophony, and .. tell you?

A

Consolidation —> pathognomonic for pneumonia

34
Q

What is Restrictive Lung Disease?

A

Small stuff lungs, trouble breathing in

35
Q

What is Obstructive Lung Disease?

A

Big mucus filled lungs, trouble breathing out

36
Q

Epiglottitis

A

X-ray thumb sign, drooling

37
Q

Croup

A

X-ray steeple sign, barking cough

38
Q

Tracheitis

A

Look toxic, grey pseudo membrane, leukocytosis

39
Q

Asthma

A

Wheeze on expiration, IgE, eosinophils

40
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

Asthma in kids < 2yo

41
Q

Maxillary Sinusitis

A

Teeth pain worse with bending forward

42
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Bad breath, purulent sputum, hemoptysis

43
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

Lots of sputum, “blue bloater”

44
Q

Emphysema

A

Restrictive to obstructive pattern, “pink puffer”

45
Q

Laryngomalacia

A

Epiglottis roll in from side to side

46
Q

Pneumonia

A

Consolidation of airway

47
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air outside of lungs, hyperresonance on same side

48
Q

How do you detect a Pulmonary Embolism?

A

Tachypnea, increased V/Q scan, EKG: S1Q3T3

49
Q

Tamponade

A

Decreased breath sounds and BP, increased JVD, fluid in pericardial sac

50
Q

Tracheomalacia

A

Soft cartilage, stridor since birth

51
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Meconium ileus, steatorrhea, bronchiectasis

52
Q

Aspergillosis

A

Allergy to mold, dead plants, compost piles

53
Q

Who gets Asbestosis?

A

Shipyard workers, pipe fitters, brake mechanics, insulation installers

54
Q

Who gets Silicosis?

A

Sandblasters, glassblowers

55
Q

Who gets Byssinosis?

A

Cotton workers

56
Q

Who gets Beryliosis?

A

Radio, TV welders, this working with bulbs

57
Q

Anthracosis

A

Coal workers, massive fibrosis

58
Q

Carcinoid Syndrome

A

Flushing, wheezing, diarrhea

59
Q

Small Cell Cancer

A

At carina, malignant, Cushing’s, SIADH, SVC Syndrome

60
Q

Large Cell Cancer

A

Large stuff

61
Q

Squamous Cell Cancer

A

Smoker, high PTH, high Ca2+

62
Q

Bronchealveolar Cancer

A

Looks like pneumonia, due to pneumoconiosis

S. One (24 decks)

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