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S. One > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord, oligodendrocytes

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Everything else, Schwann cells

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3
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Automatic stuff

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4
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Moving your muscles

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5
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Rest and digest —> slows stuff down

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6
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system behave?

A 
“DUMBBELS”
Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis (constrict)
Bradycardia
Bronchoconstriction 
Erection (point)
Lacrimation 
Salivation
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7
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight or flight —> speeds stuff up

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8
Q

How does the sympathetic system behave?

A 
Opposite of parasympathetic:
Constipation
Urinary retention
Mydriasis (“eyes wide with fright”)
Tachycardia
Bronchodilate 
Ejaculation (shoot)
Xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
Xerostomia (dry mouth)
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9
Q

Where is norepinephrine synthesized?

A

Locus ceruleus of the pons

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10
Q

What happens to norepinephrine in anxiety and depression?

A

Up in anxiety

Down in depression

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11
Q

Where is dopamine synthesized?

A

Ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra (SNc) in the midbrain

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12
Q

What happens to dopamine in Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, and depression?

A

Up in Huntington’s
Down in Parkinson’s
Down in depression

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13
Q

Where is serotonin synthesized?

A

Raphe nucleus

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14
Q

What happens to serotonin in Parkinson’s, depression, and anxiety?

A

Up in Parkinson’s
Down in depression
Down in anxiety

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15
Q

Where is acetylcholine (Ach) synthesized?

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

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16
Q

What happens to Ach in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s?

A

Up in Parkinson’s
Down in Alzheimer’s
Down in Huntington’s

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17
Q

What does the forebrain or prosencephalon give rise to?

A

Telencephalon —> cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon —> thalamus

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18
Q

What does the midbrain or mesencephalon give rise to?

A

Mesencephalon —> midbrain

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19
Q

What does the hindbrain or rhombencephalon give rise to?

A

Metencephalon —> pons and cerebellum

Myelencephalon —> medulla

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20
Q

Cushing’s triad

A

Hypertension
Bradycardia
Increased intracranial pressure

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21
Q

Budd-Chiari

A

Hepatic vein obstruction

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22
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation

A

Foramen magnum obstruction

Herniation of cerebellum through foramen magnum

Type I: cerebellar tonsils (asymptotic)
Type II: cerebellar vermis/medulla —> hydrocephalus, syringomyelia (loss of pain/temperature sensation)

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23
Q

Anencephaly

A

Notochord did not make contact with brain —> only have medulla

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24
Q

Encephalocele

A

Brain tissue hernia

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25
Q

Dandy Walker malformation

A

No cerebellum

Distended 4th/lateral ventricles

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26
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Covered by skin with tuft of hair

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27
Q

Spina bifida aperta

A

Has opening

High AFP

28
Q

Meningocele

A

Sacral pocket with meninges in it

29
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

Sacral pocket with meninges and nerves in it

30
Q

Open-angle glaucoma

A

Overproduction of fluid
Painless ipsilateral dilated pupil
Gradual tunnel vision
Optic disc cupping

31
Q

Closed-angle glaucoma

A

Obstruction of canal of Schlemm
Sudden onset
Pain
Emergency

32
Q

Watershed areas

A

Hippocampus

Splenic flexure

33
Q

What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?

A

CN 3, 4, 5 (1 and 2), and 6

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers

34
Q

What bug loves the frontal lobe?

A

Rubella

35
Q

What bug loves the temporal lobe?

A

HSV

36
Q

What bug loves the parietal lobe?

A

Toxoplasmosis

37
Q

What bug loves the hippocampus?

A

Rabies

38
Q

What bug loves the DCML tract?

A

Treponema

39
Q

What bug loves the posterior fossa?

A

TB

40
Q

How do migraines present?

A 
Aura
Photophobia 
Numbness and tingling 
Throbbing headache 
Nausea
41
Q

How do tension headaches present?

A

Band-like pain starts in posterior neck
Worse as day progresses
Sleep disturbance

42
Q

How do cluster headaches present?

A 
Rhinorrhea 
Unilateral orbital pain
Suicidal 
Facial flushing
Worse with lying down
43
Q

How does temporal arteritis present?

A

Pain with chewing

Blind in one eye

44
Q

How does trigeminal neuralgia present?

A

Sharp shooting face pain

45
Q

What are the two kinds of partial seizures?

A

Simple (aware)

Complex (not aware)

46
Q

What are the three kinds of generalized seizures?

A

Tonic clonic “Grand mal”
Absence “Petit mal”
Status epilepticus

47
Q

How does an epidural hematoma present?

A

Intermittent consciousness

“Lucid interval”

48
Q

How does an epidural hematoma look on CT?

A

Biconvex lens

Not crossing suture lines

49
Q

How does a subdural hematoma present?

A

Headache 4 weeks after trauma

Elderly (loose brain)

50
Q

How does a subdural hematoma look on CT?

A

Crescent shaped
Crosses suture lines
Midline shift

51
Q

How does a subarachnoid hematoma/hemorrhage present?

A

“Worst headache of my life”

History of berry aneurysm

52
Q

Astrocytoma

A 
Rosenthal fibers 
#1 in kids with occipital
53
Q

Ependymoma

A

Rosettes
4th ventricle
Hydrocephalus

54
Q

Craniopharyngioma

A 
Motor oil biopsy
Tooth enamel 
Rathke’s pouch 
ADH problem 
Bitemporal hemianopsia
55
Q

Glioblastoma multiforme

A

Pseudopalisading
Necrosis
Worst prognosis
Intralesional hemorrhage

56
Q

Hemangioblastoma

A

Cerebellum
von-Hippel-Lindau
Blood vessel tumor

57
Q

Meduloblastoma

A

Pseudo rosettes
Compresses brain
Early morning vomiting

58
Q

Meningioma

A

Parasagittal
Psammoma bodies
Whorling pattern
Best prognosis

59
Q

What are the most common places to metastasize to the brain from?

A

Lung
Breast
Skin

See at white/gray matter junction

60
Q

Oligodendroglioma

A

Fried egg appearance

Nodular calcification

61
Q

Pinealoma

A

Loss of upward gaze
Loss of circadian rhythm
Precocious puberty

62
Q

Schwannoma

A

CN 8 tumor

Unilateral deafness

63
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

Café au lait spots (hyperpigmentation) – peripheral nerve tumors, axillary freckle

Type I “von Recklinghausen’s”: peripheral, chromosome 17, optic glioma, Lisch nodules, scoliosis

Type II “Acoustic neuroma”: central, chromosome 22, cataracts, bilateral deafness

64
Q

Sturge-Weber

A

Port wine stain (big purple spot) on forehead

Angioma of retina

65
Q

Tuberous sclerosis

A 
Ash leaf spots (hypopigmentation)
Primary brain tumors 
Heart rhabdomyomas
Rental cell carcinoma
Shagreen spots (leathery)

S. One (24 decks)

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