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S. One > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord, oligodendrocytes

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Everything else, Schwann cells

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3
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Automatic stuff

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4
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Moving your muscles

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5
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Rest and digest —> slows stuff down

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6
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system behave?

A 
“DUMBBELS”
Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis (constrict)
Bradycardia
Bronchoconstriction 
Erection (point)
Lacrimation 
Salivation
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7
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight or flight —> speeds stuff up

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8
Q

How does the sympathetic system behave?

A 
Opposite of parasympathetic:
Constipation
Urinary retention
Mydriasis (“eyes wide with fright”)
Tachycardia
Bronchodilate 
Ejaculation (shoot)
Xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
Xerostomia (dry mouth)
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9
Q

Where is norepinephrine synthesized?

A

Locus ceruleus of the pons

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10
Q

What happens to norepinephrine in anxiety and depression?

A

Up in anxiety

Down in depression

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11
Q

Where is dopamine synthesized?

A

Ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra (SNc) in the midbrain

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12
Q

What happens to dopamine in Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, and depression?

A

Up in Huntington’s
Down in Parkinson’s
Down in depression

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13
Q

Where is serotonin synthesized?

A

Raphe nucleus

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14
Q

What happens to serotonin in Parkinson’s, depression, and anxiety?

A

Up in Parkinson’s
Down in depression
Down in anxiety

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15
Q

Where is acetylcholine (Ach) synthesized?

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

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16
Q

What happens to Ach in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s?

A

Up in Parkinson’s
Down in Alzheimer’s
Down in Huntington’s

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17
Q

What does the forebrain or prosencephalon give rise to?

A

Telencephalon —> cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon —> thalamus

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18
Q

What does the midbrain or mesencephalon give rise to?

A

Mesencephalon —> midbrain

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19
Q

What does the hindbrain or rhombencephalon give rise to?

A

Metencephalon —> pons and cerebellum

Myelencephalon —> medulla

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20
Q

Cushing’s triad

A

Hypertension
Bradycardia
Increased intracranial pressure

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21
Q

Budd-Chiari

A

Hepatic vein obstruction

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22
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation

A

Foramen magnum obstruction

Herniation of cerebellum through foramen magnum

Type I: cerebellar tonsils (asymptotic)
Type II: cerebellar vermis/medulla —> hydrocephalus, syringomyelia (loss of pain/temperature sensation)

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23
Q

Anencephaly

A

Notochord did not make contact with brain —> only have medulla

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24
Q

Encephalocele

A

Brain tissue hernia

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25
Dandy Walker malformation
No cerebellum | Distended 4th/lateral ventricles
26
Spina bifida occulta
Covered by skin with tuft of hair
27
Spina bifida aperta
Has opening | High AFP
28
Meningocele
Sacral pocket with meninges in it
29
Meningomyelocele
Sacral pocket with meninges and nerves in it
30
Open-angle glaucoma
Overproduction of fluid Painless ipsilateral dilated pupil Gradual tunnel vision Optic disc cupping
31
Closed-angle glaucoma
Obstruction of canal of Schlemm Sudden onset Pain Emergency
32
Watershed areas
Hippocampus | Splenic flexure
33
What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?
CN 3, 4, 5 (1 and 2), and 6 | Postganglionic sympathetic fibers
34
What bug loves the frontal lobe?
Rubella
35
What bug loves the temporal lobe?
HSV
36
What bug loves the parietal lobe?
Toxoplasmosis
37
What bug loves the hippocampus?
Rabies
38
What bug loves the DCML tract?
Treponema
39
What bug loves the posterior fossa?
TB
40
How do migraines present?
``` Aura Photophobia Numbness and tingling Throbbing headache Nausea ```
41
How do tension headaches present?
Band-like pain starts in posterior neck Worse as day progresses Sleep disturbance
42
How do cluster headaches present?
``` Rhinorrhea Unilateral orbital pain Suicidal Facial flushing Worse with lying down ```
43
How does temporal arteritis present?
Pain with chewing | Blind in one eye
44
How does trigeminal neuralgia present?
Sharp shooting face pain
45
What are the two kinds of partial seizures?
Simple (aware) | Complex (not aware)
46
What are the three kinds of generalized seizures?
Tonic clonic “Grand mal” Absence “Petit mal” Status epilepticus
47
How does an epidural hematoma present?
Intermittent consciousness | “Lucid interval”
48
How does an epidural hematoma look on CT?
Biconvex lens | Not crossing suture lines
49
How does a subdural hematoma present?
Headache 4 weeks after trauma | Elderly (loose brain)
50
How does a subdural hematoma look on CT?
Crescent shaped Crosses suture lines Midline shift
51
How does a subarachnoid hematoma/hemorrhage present?
“Worst headache of my life” | History of berry aneurysm
52
Astrocytoma
``` Rosenthal fibers #1 in kids with occipital ```
53
Ependymoma
Rosettes 4th ventricle Hydrocephalus
54
Craniopharyngioma
``` Motor oil biopsy Tooth enamel Rathke’s pouch ADH problem Bitemporal hemianopsia ```
55
Glioblastoma multiforme
Pseudopalisading Necrosis Worst prognosis Intralesional hemorrhage
56
Hemangioblastoma
Cerebellum von-Hippel-Lindau Blood vessel tumor
57
Meduloblastoma
Pseudo rosettes Compresses brain Early morning vomiting
58
Meningioma
Parasagittal Psammoma bodies Whorling pattern Best prognosis
59
What are the most common places to metastasize to the brain from?
Lung Breast Skin See at white/gray matter junction
60
Oligodendroglioma
Fried egg appearance | Nodular calcification
61
Pinealoma
Loss of upward gaze Loss of circadian rhythm Precocious puberty
62
Schwannoma
CN 8 tumor | Unilateral deafness
63
Neurofibromatosis
Café au lait spots (hyperpigmentation) – peripheral nerve tumors, axillary freckle Type I “von Recklinghausen’s”: peripheral, chromosome 17, optic glioma, Lisch nodules, scoliosis Type II “Acoustic neuroma”: central, chromosome 22, cataracts, bilateral deafness
64
Sturge-Weber
Port wine stain (big purple spot) on forehead | Angioma of retina
65
Tuberous sclerosis
``` Ash leaf spots (hypopigmentation) Primary brain tumors Heart rhabdomyomas Rental cell carcinoma Shagreen spots (leathery) ```

S. One (24 decks)

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