Cardiology

Question 1

How do you calculate stroke volume?

Answer 1

SV = EDV - ESV

Question 2

How do you calculate cardiac output?

Answer 2

CO = SV x HR

Question 3

What is normal CO?

Answer 3

5L/min

Question 4

How much of CO goes to the brain, heart.c and kidneys?

Answer 4

20% = 1L/minute or 60L/hour

Question 5

How do you calculate cerebral perfusion pressure?

Answer 5

CPP = MAP - ICP

Mean arterial pressure
(Intracranial pressure)

Question 6

What organs have resistance in series?

Answer 6

Liver, kidney

Question 7

What organs have resistance in parallel?

Answer 7

All except liver and kidney

Question 8

What organ has the highest arterial-venous oxygen (A-VO2) difference at rest?

Answer 8

Heart

Question 9

What organ has the highest arterial-venous oxygen (A-VO2) difference after exercise?

Answer 9

Muscle

Question 10

What organ has the highest arterial-venous oxygen (A-VO2) difference after a meal?

Answer 10

Gut

Question 11

What organ has the highest arterial-venous oxygen (A-VO2) difference during a test?

Answer 11

Brain

Question 12

What organ has the lowest arterial-venous oxygen (A-VO2) difference?

Answer 12

Kidney

Question 13

Where does Type A thoracic aorta dissection occur?

Answer 13

Ascending aorta

Cystic medial necrosis
Syphilis

Question 14

Where does Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur?

Answer 14

Descending aorta

Trauma
Atherosclerosis

Question 15

What layers does a true aortic aneurysm involve?

Answer 15

Intima, media, adventitia

Question 16

What layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm involve?

Answer 16

Intima, media

Question 17

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 17

Systolic - diastolic

Question 18

What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?

Answer 18

Aorta

Question 19

What vessels have the most smooth muscle?

Answer 19

Arterioles

Question 20

What vessels have the largest cross sectional area?

Answer 20

Capillaries

Question 21

What vessel has the highest compliance?

Answer 21

Aorta

Question 22

What vessels have the highest capacitance?

Answer 22

Veins and venules

Question 23

Three causes of HTN

Answer 23

Volume: SV
Rate: HR
Resistance: TPR

Question 24

What is your max heart rate?

Answer 24

220 - age

Question 25

Stable angina

Answer 25

Pain with exertion

Atherosclerosis

Question 26

Unstable angina

Answer 26

Pain at rest

Transient clots

Question 27

Prinzmetal’s angina

Answer 27

Intermittent pain

Coronary artery spasm

Question 28

Amyloidosis

Answer 28

Stains Congo red
Echo shows Apple green birefringence
Deposition of proteins

Question 29

Hemochromatosis

Answer 29

Fee deposit in organs
Hyperpigmentation
Arthritis
DM

Question 30

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 30

Pressure equalizes in all 4 chambers
Quiet precordium 
No pulse or BP
Kussmaul sogn
Pulsus pradoxicus (decrease >10mm Hg BP with inspiration)

Distant heart sounds, hypotension

Question 31

Transudate

Answer 31

An effusion with mostly water

Too much water:
Heart failure
Renal failure

Not enough protein:
Cirrhosis (can’t make protein)
Nephrotic syndrome (excrete too much)

Question 32

Exudate

Answer 32

An effusion with mostly protein

Purulent (bacteria)
Hemorrhagic (trauma, cancer, PE)
Fibrinous (collagen vascular disease, uremia, TB)
Granulomatous (non bacterial)

Question 33

Systole

Answer 33

Squish heart
Decrease blood flow to coronary arteries
More extraction of O2
Phase 1 Korotkoff

Question 34

Diastole

Answer 34

Fill heart
Increase blood flow to coronary arteries
Less extraction of O2
Phase 5 Korotkoff

Question 35

What are the only arteries with deoxygenated blood?

Answer 35

Pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries