Renal

Question 1

How much of water makes up body weight

Answer 1

50-70%

Question 2

How much of total body water content is intracellular?

Answer 2

2/3

Question 3

How much of the total body water content is extracellular

Answer 3

1/3

Question 4

what makes up the extracellular fluids?

Answer 4

Interstitial fluid, plasma

Question 5

what percent of interstitial fluid makes up the extracellular content

Answer 5

3/4

Question 6

what percent of plasma makes up the extracellular fluid

Answer 6

1/4

Question 7

what’s a major factor for the health of the individual cell health

Answer 7

ECF

Question 8

what is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 8

nephron

Question 9

how many nephron units/kidney

Answer 9

1 million

Question 10

what makes up the nephron

Answer 10

the glomerulus and renal tubules

Question 11

what is the glomerulus made up of

Answer 11

capillary network surrounded by bowmans capsule

Question 12

List the sequence of renal blood flow

Answer 12

afferent arterioles send blood to the glomerular capillaries(1st capillary network) then to efferent arteries to the peritubular capillaries (2nd) then to venous capillaries.

Question 13

can you explain the unusual vascular arrangement in the nephron

Answer 13

arterioles enter and exit the Bowman’s capsule to go through a two capillary bed system (series) with the peritubular capillary bed 2nd then to venous cap.

Question 14

Why would a kidney transplant still show autoregulation btw 50-150

Answer 14

because there’s no nerve innervation, so no sympathetic and parasympathetic control

Question 15

whats erythropoietin

Answer 15

hormone secreted by kidneys that make RBC’s

Question 16

what is tuboglomerular feedback and what parts are involved

Answer 16

regulation of renal blood flow via juxtaglomerular apparatus & macula densa

Question 17

Describe the ideal location of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 17

the juxtaglomerular cells & macula densa are closely associated with vacular pole of the nephron and the distal renal tubule to sense the GF composition and make adjustments to the arterioles

Question 18

If overall blood flow to kidney is inadequate, what occurs

Answer 18

kidney releases large quantity of renin which will increase blood flow

Question 19

whats the biggest cause for problems in the glomerular capillary membrane

Answer 19

Diabetes

Question 20

what is nephrotic syndrome

Answer 20

leakage of very large amounts of protein from the glomerulus results in massive proteinuria

Question 21

what is the result of nephrotic syndrome (pathophys)

Answer 21

edema and hypoproteinemia (low protein in blood)

Question 22

creatinine clearance

Answer 22

measurement to assess GFR. serum creatinine is filtered by the glomerulus and filtrate concentrations are minimally altered by the tubules

Question 23

what is a normal range of creatinine clearance

Answer 23

100-120

Question 24

what would a creatinine clearance of around 60 indicate

Answer 24

loss of nephron units

Question 25

what is inulin

Answer 25

a substance used to measure GFR because it can be completely filtered thru the glomerulus without being secreted nor reabsorbed

Question 26

what is the fick principle

Answer 26

measurement of the GFR using serum concentration of inulin and urine concentration

Question 27

where is Aldosterone produced/stored

Answer 27

adrenal gland

Question 28

what directs the adrenal gland to produce/store aldosterone

Answer 28

pituitary gland

Question 29

what controls the release of aldosterone

Answer 29

the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 30

what is aldosterone's main function

Answer 30

increase Na+ reabsorption late distal tubules and collecting ducts

Question 31

what percent of cardiac output contributes to renal blood flow?

Answer 31

about 22% (1200 cc's/min)

Question 32

In terms of Starling Forces, an increase in pressure within Bowman's capsule will have what affect on the GFR

Answer 32

it will decrease

Question 33

what is one reason/example of how there could be an increase in pressure within Bowman's capsule

Answer 33

a urinary tract obstruction

Question 34

Angiotensin II acts on:

Answer 34

constricting the efferent arteriole; increasing GFR but also increases reabsorptive forces for Na+ and H20 at peritubular capillaries

Question 35

ADH:

Answer 35

antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin is a hormone from the posterior pituitary gland; increases h20 reabsorption during increased osmolarity (when body needs it, such as dehydration) vs. ECF/serum osmolarity low then ADH withheld and water excreted...

Question 36

what is SIADH

Answer 36

syndrome of inappropriate secretion ADH ur body doesn't withhold ADH properly so too much fluid retention, lower NA+ serum

Question 37

what senses the osmolarity in the body fluids and tells the pituitary to secrete ADH

Answer 37

hypothalamus

Question 38

what does atrial natriuretic peptide ANP do

Answer 38

inhibits reabsorption of Na+, H20 (opposing the action of aldosterone)

Question 39

what secretes ANP & why

Answer 39

cardiac arterial cells, when there's distension of atria ( too much preload)

Question 40

what is the function of the parathyroid hormone

Answer 40

secreted in response to low serum Ca++ it increases renal reabsorption of Ca++ while phosphate reabsorption is decreased

Question 41

how does the renal system contribute to acid base homeostasis

Answer 41

secrete and reabsorb HCO3- (bicarbonate) and excrete fixed acids such as NH4

Question 42

what does renal hypoperfusion refer to

Answer 42

one of the 3 types of acute renal failure. When your body is hypovolemic caused by hemorrhage, GI fluid loss, or pancreatitis (3rd spacing)

Question 43

what would cause post acute renal failure

Answer 43

calculi, tumors, and prostatic hypertrophy

Question 44

what are some examples of intrinsic renal failure

Answer 44

atherosclerosis/blood clots, aortic aneurysm, glomerular disease, most commonly-acute tubular necrosis, others incude: myogloinuria, toxins, HTN, & interstitial nephritis

Question 45

what is the time of onset in regards to acute renal failure

Answer 45

hours to days

Question 46

what is the time of onset for chronic RF

Answer 46

months to years

Question 47

what are some causes of CRF

Answer 47

Diabetes** HTN, obstruction, infection, a severe loss of nephrons

Question 48

what would be a common manifestation of renal failure?

Answer 48

Oliguria (less than 400 ml/day.... a sign of decline in GFR

Question 49

what are some signs/symptoms of CRF

Answer 49

uremia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, anemia, osteoporosis, volume overload, peripheral neuropathy, anorexia, and endocrine disturbances.

Question 50

what is the range of specific gravity of urine

Answer 50

from 1035 (extremely concentrated) to 1001 (dilue).

Question 51

what is an isotonic specific gravity

Answer 51

SG of 1010 isotonic with normal serum osmolarity (295 mOsm/l)

Question 52

what are some abnormal constituents in urine?

Answer 52

glucose, protein, hematuria (RBC or hemoglobin), WBC's, crystals, casts (indicates glomerulus bleeding) and bilirubin

Question 53

How would you prevent ARF

Answer 53

proper hydration, treatment of Strep infections, caution with nephrotoxic drugs

Question 54

Prevention for CRF

Answer 54

aggressive tx Diabetics, control HTN, adequate tx strep.

Question 55

How is diabetes insipid us caused:

Answer 55

ADH is withheld so u have extreme thirst & pee out lots of dilute urine

Question 56

About what % nephrons lost b4 see rise in creatinine level from .8-1.4

Answer 56

About 70%, hence y u can function with only one kidney