Immunology

Question 1

all blood cells arise from:

Answer 1

stem cells in bone marrow

Question 2

Myeloid progenitors develop into which cells

Answer 2

monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells

Question 3

The innate Immune System includes

Answer 3

the cells arising from myeloid progenitors, NK cells & Complement System

Question 4

the adaptive immune system includes:

Answer 4

lymphocytes

Question 5

lymphocytes arise form

Answer 5

lymphoid progenitors

Question 6

Cytokines functions:

Answer 6

as hormone like signals of T cell, recruit other cells to battle field, encourage cell growth, direction of cellular traffic

Question 7

what causes stem cells to be self-renewal cells

Answer 7

at division, one daughter cell matures into a blood cell & the other becomes a new stem cell

Question 8

what do increased “Blast” cells (immature) indicate on blood smear or bone marrow aspirate

Answer 8

leukemic state

Question 9

What is our 1st line of defense

Answer 9

physical barriers- skin, mucus membranes

Question 10

what is our 2nd line of defense

Answer 10

innate immune system- myeloid progenitor cells, complement system (nonspecific, always on)

Question 11

what is our 3rd line of defense

Answer 11

adaptive immune system- T cells, Bcells (specific invaders)

Question 12

when would B cells be referred to as Plasma Cells

Answer 12

when activated & producing antibodies

Question 13

where are T cells derived from

Answer 13

Thymus

Question 14

What subdivision of T cells are there

Answer 14

1. T helper cells (aka Th, CD4 cells)
2. Cytotoxic Lymphocytes or Killer T cells (CD8 cells)
3. Regulatory T cells

Question 15

Where are B cells derived from

Answer 15

bursa or Bone Marrow

Question 16

Distinguish between the monocyte/macrophage

Answer 16

monocytes released by bone marrow and travel in blood through endothelial lining of capillaries into tissues (where they become macrophage)

Question 17

What are “dendritic cells” referred to

Answer 17

macropages in tissue

Question 18

Kupffer cells refer to what type of immune cell? where?

Answer 18

macrophages in liver

Question 19

How does the macrophage alert other immune cells to respond

Answer 19

displays some of the fragments of the invader onto its outside surface…. Antigen Presenting Cells; it also releases cytokines

Question 20

What is a major role of macrophages in destroying invaders

Answer 20

Phagocytosis into a phagosome taken into cell and fuses with lysosome and digested.

Question 21

What are “bands” on neutrophils indicative of

Answer 21

neutrophils without segmentation reflecting they are recently produced… an increased % on a blood smear may mean bacterial infection

Question 22

What percent of neutrophils make up WBC

Answer 22

70%

Question 23

What is a segmented neutrophil indicate

Answer 23

a mature neutrophil

Question 24

What is normal % band forms of neutrophil (new cells)

Answer 24

1-3%

Question 25

What would a "shift to the left" refer to when describing higher % neutrophil bands

Answer 25

bacterial infection

Question 26

what are some other names of neutrophils

Answer 26

polys, PMN, segmented, and bands

Question 27

How do NK cells kill infected cells

Answer 27

instruct them to commit suicide (apoptosis)

Question 28

How are macrophages different than neutrophils?

Answer 28

Neutrophils are not APC (antigen presenting cell)

Question 29

How do NK cells recognize & attack foreign cells?

Answer 29

"self" markers so if a cell doesn't have a self antigen, attacks.... this is different from other lymphocytes that get a signal such as cytokine

Question 30

Basophils are loaded with what that respond with allergies

Answer 30

histamine

Question 31

What accounts for controlling the extremely powerful NK cells

Answer 31

two system "kill" and "don't kill"

Question 32

What is a cousin cell to basophils that attempts to neutralize a parasitic invader

Answer 32

mast cell

Question 33

What is Eosinophil's major role

Answer 33

allergic response & parasitic protection.... lots of granules

Question 34

what is a pattern-recognition receptor...

Answer 34

as our species evolved, certain characteristic infectious organisms substances became recognized and receptors were formed on our immune cells for.... lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, DNA of bacteria

Question 35

What is the most abundant compliment protein

Answer 35

C3

Question 36

what does complement fixation refer to

Answer 36

when a protein attaches to abnormal surface to activate destruction

Question 37

describe the membrane attack complex and what it does

Answer 37

complement cascade result in a production of MAC which opens a hole in bacteria/virus killing it

Question 38

Describe the Lectin Activation Pathway

Answer 38

patterns of carbs/fats on surface of common pathogens (bacteria/fungi) activates mannose binding lectin (MBL-produced in liver) which in turn activates complement cascade

Question 39

What is the "classic" complementary pathway

Answer 39

antibody-antigen complex activates complement

Question 40

What is the alternate pathway to activate complement

Answer 40

C3 attach to "unprotected" cells... aka compliment activated on any cell not displaying right stuff on cell surface.

Question 41

These cells coordinate immune response, identified by CD4 receptors, read MHCII of APC

Answer 41

Helper T cells

Question 42

These cells are refered to as cytotoxic lymphocytes and are identifided on CD8 receptors, in order to activate-need input from helper t cell & read MHCI, very potent

Answer 42

Killer T cell

Question 43

What are the cells responsible for cell mediated immunity

Answer 43

T cells (helper, killer, & regulatory)

Question 44

what cells are responsible for humoral immunity (usually need input from helper T cells...

Answer 44

B cells

Question 45

What is a problem arising from Regulatory T cells

Answer 45

autoimmune disease result from malfunction of Treg cells

Question 46

Memory Cells role in immunity:

Answer 46

an activated lymphocyte that can now quickly & efficiently mount a response.

Question 47

These cells are the basis for vaccines

Answer 47

memory cells

Question 48

What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in SERUM

Answer 48

IgG

Question 49

this is the only antibody that crosses placenta and is responsible for 3-6 months of immune protection in the newborn

Answer 49

IgG

Question 50

Describe the MHC Class I

Answer 50

inform killer t cells about what's going on in cell. If virus invades, cell presents fragments on MHC proteins so it can be destroyed

Question 51

Describe MHC class II

Answer 51

displayed by APC's only (APC-MHC II complex) intended only for helper t cells.

Question 52

The antigen presenting cell is associated with which class of MHC

Answer 52

Class II

Question 53

Class II MHC is associated with type of lymphocyte?

Answer 53

helper T cells

Question 54

Class I MHC recruits which type of lymphocyte

Answer 54

Killer T cells (CD8)

Question 55

This is the largest & 1st antibody produced in an immune response

Answer 55

IgM

Question 56

This antibody is a great compliment fixer & opsonizer

Answer 56

IgM

Question 57

This antibody guards against mucosal surfaces (respiratory, digestive, reproductive)

Answer 57

IgA

Question 58

This is the most abundant immunoglobin produced

Answer 58

IgA

Question 59

These antibodies secrete into milk of nursing mothers protecting babies

Answer 59

IgA

Question 60

This immunoglobin is important in anaphylaxis and allergy

Answer 60

IgE

Question 61

This immunoglobin responsible for clumping/agglutination of the bacteria that are swept out of body

Answer 61

IgA

Question 62

bronchospasm, hypotension, & CV collapse are signs of this allergic response from IgE

Answer 62

Anaphylaxis

Question 63

whats the most common immunoglobulin deficiency

Answer 63

IgA

Question 64

How does IgE react to allergens

Answer 64

primes mast cell to degranulate (release histamine & other chemicals that increase capillary permeability)

Question 65

immunocompromised patient

Answer 65

pt is purposely impaired immune system to prevent/delay rejection of a transplant (prednisone)

Question 66

The HLA B-27 is associated with

Answer 66

ankylosing spondylitits (Bamboo Spine)

Question 67

Name some examples of autoimmune disorders

Answer 67

Diabetes I, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE (Lupus erythematous), myasthenia gravis, and sjogren's syndrome

Question 68

What does the HLA represent

Answer 68

human leukocyte antigen system, is the MHC of leukocyte.... used for matching WBC's MHC when donating/etc

Question 69

what is Sjogren's syndrome

Answer 69

autoimmune disease, cells attach and destroy salivary & lacrimal glands resulting in dry mouth and eyes (Type IV)

Question 70

What vasoactive substances are released by a cellular response to infection

Answer 70

histamine, bradykinin, & serotonin

Question 71

What are the hallmark findings for inflammatory response

Answer 71

Rubor, Dolor, Calor

Question 72

Type I hypersensitivity would recruit which immunoglobulin

Answer 72

IgE & mast cell/basophil mediated

Question 73

What are signs/symtoms of Type I hypersensitivity rxn

Answer 73

dyspnea, bronchospasm, urticarial, angioedema, visceral edema, hypotension

Question 74

which hypersensitivity type is associated with an immediate response (5-30minutes)

Answer 74

Type I

Question 75

this type of hypersensitivity is also called cell-mediated and is associated with T cells

Answer 75

Type IV

Question 76

Tuberculosis is a classic example of what type of hypersensitivity rxn

Answer 76

Type IV

Question 77

Poison oak belongs to which type hypersensitivity rxn?

Answer 77

Type IV

Question 78

Which type is associated with autoimmune & infectious ds

Answer 78

type IV

Question 79

Histoplasmosis (a fungal infection) is what type of hypersensitivity rxn

Answer 79

Type IV

Question 80

What is severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Answer 80

impairment of both humoral and cell mediated immunity, rare, can be fatal in infancy

Question 81

What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)

Answer 81

males begin to have recurrent bacterial infections in 1st year of life after maternal immunoglobulin disappear

Question 82

What are some examples of secondary immunodeficiencies

Answer 82

AIDS ( low T cell levels) malnutrition, x-rays, immunosuppressant drugs (prednisone), decreased production of cytokines

Question 83

What distinguishes between a primary or secondary immunodefiency

Answer 83

secondary is not caused by abnormalities in development or function of t & b cells... primary is

Question 84

where is mannose binding lectin produced

Answer 84

liver

Question 85

What would an activated mannose binding lectin do to elicit an immune response

Answer 85

activate a complement cascade

Question 86

Which cells in a 'graft'(transfusion) would attack the recipient's cells, making HLA matching important for blood typing

Answer 86

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 87

What cell malfunction would you associate with excessive light chain antibody disorder (multiple myeloma)

Answer 87

B cells

Question 88

What is the cause of multiple myeloma

Answer 88

disfunction in the plasma (B cells) antibodies only produce the light chain portion of self...

Question 89

Name the three pathways to activate complement

Answer 89

1. classic (antibody-antigen) 2. alternative (C3 protein attaches to any unprotected cell signaling complement 3. Lectin Activation-carbs/fats on surface of some pathogens activate production of mannose binding lectin from liver=activating complement)

Question 90

Oral candidiasis would be an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 90

Type IV