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Fundamentals Part 2 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

all blood cells arise from:

A

stem cells in bone marrow

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2
Q

Myeloid progenitors develop into which cells

A

monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells

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3
Q

The innate Immune System includes

A

the cells arising from myeloid progenitors, NK cells & Complement System

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4
Q

the adaptive immune system includes:

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

lymphocytes arise form

A

lymphoid progenitors

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6
Q

Cytokines functions:

A

as hormone like signals of T cell, recruit other cells to battle field, encourage cell growth, direction of cellular traffic

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7
Q

what causes stem cells to be self-renewal cells

A

at division, one daughter cell matures into a blood cell & the other becomes a new stem cell

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8
Q

what do increased “Blast” cells (immature) indicate on blood smear or bone marrow aspirate

A

leukemic state

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9
Q

What is our 1st line of defense

A

physical barriers- skin, mucus membranes

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10
Q

what is our 2nd line of defense

A

innate immune system- myeloid progenitor cells, complement system (nonspecific, always on)

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11
Q

what is our 3rd line of defense

A

adaptive immune system- T cells, Bcells (specific invaders)

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12
Q

when would B cells be referred to as Plasma Cells

A

when activated & producing antibodies

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13
Q

where are T cells derived from

A

Thymus

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14
Q

What subdivision of T cells are there

A
  1. T helper cells (aka Th, CD4 cells)
  2. Cytotoxic Lymphocytes or Killer T cells (CD8 cells)
  3. Regulatory T cells
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15
Q

Where are B cells derived from

A

bursa or Bone Marrow

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16
Q

Distinguish between the monocyte/macrophage

A

monocytes released by bone marrow and travel in blood through endothelial lining of capillaries into tissues (where they become macrophage)

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17
Q

What are “dendritic cells” referred to

A

macropages in tissue

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18
Q

Kupffer cells refer to what type of immune cell? where?

A

macrophages in liver

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19
Q

How does the macrophage alert other immune cells to respond

A

displays some of the fragments of the invader onto its outside surface…. Antigen Presenting Cells; it also releases cytokines

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20
Q

What is a major role of macrophages in destroying invaders

A

Phagocytosis into a phagosome taken into cell and fuses with lysosome and digested.

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21
Q

What are “bands” on neutrophils indicative of

A

neutrophils without segmentation reflecting they are recently produced… an increased % on a blood smear may mean bacterial infection

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22
Q

What percent of neutrophils make up WBC

A

70%

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23
Q

What is a segmented neutrophil indicate

A

a mature neutrophil

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24
Q

What is normal % band forms of neutrophil (new cells)

A

1-3%

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25
Q

What would a “shift to the left” refer to when describing higher % neutrophil bands

A

bacterial infection

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26
Q

what are some other names of neutrophils

A

polys, PMN, segmented, and bands

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27
Q

How do NK cells kill infected cells

A

instruct them to commit suicide (apoptosis)

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28
Q

How are macrophages different than neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils are not APC (antigen presenting cell)

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29
Q

How do NK cells recognize & attack foreign cells?

A

“self” markers so if a cell doesn’t have a self antigen, attacks…. this is different from other lymphocytes that get a signal such as cytokine

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30
Q

Basophils are loaded with what that respond with allergies

A

histamine

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31
Q

What accounts for controlling the extremely powerful NK cells

A

two system “kill” and “don’t kill”

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32
Q

What is a cousin cell to basophils that attempts to neutralize a parasitic invader

A

mast cell

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33
Q

What is Eosinophil’s major role

A

allergic response & parasitic protection…. lots of granules

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34
Q

what is a pattern-recognition receptor…

A

as our species evolved, certain characteristic infectious organisms substances became recognized and receptors were formed on our immune cells for…. lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, DNA of bacteria

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35
Q

What is the most abundant compliment protein

A

C3

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36
Q

what does complement fixation refer to

A

when a protein attaches to abnormal surface to activate destruction

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37
Q

describe the membrane attack complex and what it does

A

complement cascade result in a production of MAC which opens a hole in bacteria/virus killing it

38
Q

Describe the Lectin Activation Pathway

A

patterns of carbs/fats on surface of common pathogens (bacteria/fungi) activates mannose binding lectin (MBL-produced in liver) which in turn activates complement cascade

39
Q

What is the “classic” complementary pathway

A

antibody-antigen complex activates complement

40
Q

What is the alternate pathway to activate complement

A

C3 attach to “unprotected” cells… aka compliment activated on any cell not displaying right stuff on cell surface.

41
Q

These cells coordinate immune response, identified by CD4 receptors, read MHCII of APC

A

Helper T cells

42
Q

These cells are refered to as cytotoxic lymphocytes and are identifided on CD8 receptors, in order to activate-need input from helper t cell & read MHCI, very potent

A

Killer T cell

43
Q

What are the cells responsible for cell mediated immunity

A

T cells (helper, killer, & regulatory)

44
Q

what cells are responsible for humoral immunity (usually need input from helper T cells…

A

B cells

45
Q

What is a problem arising from Regulatory T cells

A

autoimmune disease result from malfunction of Treg cells

46
Q

Memory Cells role in immunity:

A

an activated lymphocyte that can now quickly & efficiently mount a response.

47
Q

These cells are the basis for vaccines

A

memory cells

48
Q

What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in SERUM

A

IgG

49
Q

this is the only antibody that crosses placenta and is responsible for 3-6 months of immune protection in the newborn

A

IgG

50
Q

Describe the MHC Class I

A

inform killer t cells about what’s going on in cell. If virus invades, cell presents fragments on MHC proteins so it can be destroyed

51
Q

Describe MHC class II

A

displayed by APC’s only (APC-MHC II complex) intended only for helper t cells.

52
Q

The antigen presenting cell is associated with which class of MHC

A

Class II

53
Q

Class II MHC is associated with type of lymphocyte?

A

helper T cells

54
Q

Class I MHC recruits which type of lymphocyte

A

Killer T cells (CD8)

55
Q

This is the largest & 1st antibody produced in an immune response

A

IgM

56
Q

This antibody is a great compliment fixer & opsonizer

A

IgM

57
Q

This antibody guards against mucosal surfaces (respiratory, digestive, reproductive)

A

IgA

58
Q

This is the most abundant immunoglobin produced

A

IgA

59
Q

These antibodies secrete into milk of nursing mothers protecting babies

A

IgA

60
Q

This immunoglobin is important in anaphylaxis and allergy

A

IgE

61
Q

This immunoglobin responsible for clumping/agglutination of the bacteria that are swept out of body

A

IgA

62
Q

bronchospasm, hypotension, & CV collapse are signs of this allergic response from IgE

A

Anaphylaxis

63
Q

whats the most common immunoglobulin deficiency

A

IgA

64
Q

How does IgE react to allergens

A

primes mast cell to degranulate (release histamine & other chemicals that increase capillary permeability)

65
Q

immunocompromised patient

A

pt is purposely impaired immune system to prevent/delay rejection of a transplant (prednisone)

66
Q

The HLA B-27 is associated with

A

ankylosing spondylitits (Bamboo Spine)

67
Q

Name some examples of autoimmune disorders

A

Diabetes I, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE (Lupus erythematous), myasthenia gravis, and sjogren’s syndrome

68
Q

What does the HLA represent

A

human leukocyte antigen system, is the MHC of leukocyte…. used for matching WBC’s MHC when donating/etc

69
Q

what is Sjogren’s syndrome

A

autoimmune disease, cells attach and destroy salivary & lacrimal glands resulting in dry mouth and eyes (Type IV)

70
Q

What vasoactive substances are released by a cellular response to infection

A

histamine, bradykinin, & serotonin

71
Q

What are the hallmark findings for inflammatory response

A

Rubor, Dolor, Calor

72
Q

Type I hypersensitivity would recruit which immunoglobulin

A

IgE & mast cell/basophil mediated

73
Q

What are signs/symtoms of Type I hypersensitivity rxn

A

dyspnea, bronchospasm, urticarial, angioedema, visceral edema, hypotension

74
Q

which hypersensitivity type is associated with an immediate response (5-30minutes)

A

Type I

75
Q

this type of hypersensitivity is also called cell-mediated and is associated with T cells

A

Type IV

76
Q

Tuberculosis is a classic example of what type of hypersensitivity rxn

A

Type IV

77
Q

Poison oak belongs to which type hypersensitivity rxn?

A

Type IV

78
Q

Which type is associated with autoimmune & infectious ds

A

type IV

79
Q

Histoplasmosis (a fungal infection) is what type of hypersensitivity rxn

A

Type IV

80
Q

What is severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

impairment of both humoral and cell mediated immunity, rare, can be fatal in infancy

81
Q

What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)

A

males begin to have recurrent bacterial infections in 1st year of life after maternal immunoglobulin disappear

82
Q

What are some examples of secondary immunodeficiencies

A

AIDS ( low T cell levels) malnutrition, x-rays, immunosuppressant drugs (prednisone), decreased production of cytokines

83
Q

What distinguishes between a primary or secondary immunodefiency

A

secondary is not caused by abnormalities in development or function of t & b cells… primary is

84
Q

where is mannose binding lectin produced

A

liver

85
Q

What would an activated mannose binding lectin do to elicit an immune response

A

activate a complement cascade

86
Q

Which cells in a ‘graft’(transfusion) would attack the recipient’s cells, making HLA matching important for blood typing

A

Cytotoxic T cells

87
Q

What cell malfunction would you associate with excessive light chain antibody disorder (multiple myeloma)

A

B cells

88
Q

What is the cause of multiple myeloma

A

disfunction in the plasma (B cells) antibodies only produce the light chain portion of self…

89
Q

Name the three pathways to activate complement

A
  1. classic (antibody-antigen) 2. alternative (C3 protein attaches to any unprotected cell signaling complement 3. Lectin Activation-carbs/fats on surface of some pathogens activate production of mannose binding lectin from liver=activating complement)
90
Q

Oral candidiasis would be an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type IV

Fundamentals Part 2 (8 decks)

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