Immunology Flashcards
all blood cells arise from:
stem cells in bone marrow
Myeloid progenitors develop into which cells
monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells
The innate Immune System includes
the cells arising from myeloid progenitors, NK cells & Complement System
the adaptive immune system includes:
lymphocytes
lymphocytes arise form
lymphoid progenitors
Cytokines functions:
as hormone like signals of T cell, recruit other cells to battle field, encourage cell growth, direction of cellular traffic
what causes stem cells to be self-renewal cells
at division, one daughter cell matures into a blood cell & the other becomes a new stem cell
what do increased “Blast” cells (immature) indicate on blood smear or bone marrow aspirate
leukemic state
What is our 1st line of defense
physical barriers- skin, mucus membranes
what is our 2nd line of defense
innate immune system- myeloid progenitor cells, complement system (nonspecific, always on)
what is our 3rd line of defense
adaptive immune system- T cells, Bcells (specific invaders)
when would B cells be referred to as Plasma Cells
when activated & producing antibodies
where are T cells derived from
Thymus
What subdivision of T cells are there
- T helper cells (aka Th, CD4 cells)
- Cytotoxic Lymphocytes or Killer T cells (CD8 cells)
- Regulatory T cells
Where are B cells derived from
bursa or Bone Marrow
Distinguish between the monocyte/macrophage
monocytes released by bone marrow and travel in blood through endothelial lining of capillaries into tissues (where they become macrophage)
What are “dendritic cells” referred to
macropages in tissue
Kupffer cells refer to what type of immune cell? where?
macrophages in liver
How does the macrophage alert other immune cells to respond
displays some of the fragments of the invader onto its outside surface…. Antigen Presenting Cells; it also releases cytokines
What is a major role of macrophages in destroying invaders
Phagocytosis into a phagosome taken into cell and fuses with lysosome and digested.
What are “bands” on neutrophils indicative of
neutrophils without segmentation reflecting they are recently produced… an increased % on a blood smear may mean bacterial infection
What percent of neutrophils make up WBC
70%
What is a segmented neutrophil indicate
a mature neutrophil
What is normal % band forms of neutrophil (new cells)
1-3%
What would a “shift to the left” refer to when describing higher % neutrophil bands
bacterial infection
what are some other names of neutrophils
polys, PMN, segmented, and bands
How do NK cells kill infected cells
instruct them to commit suicide (apoptosis)
How are macrophages different than neutrophils?
Neutrophils are not APC (antigen presenting cell)
How do NK cells recognize & attack foreign cells?
“self” markers so if a cell doesn’t have a self antigen, attacks…. this is different from other lymphocytes that get a signal such as cytokine
Basophils are loaded with what that respond with allergies
histamine
What accounts for controlling the extremely powerful NK cells
two system “kill” and “don’t kill”
What is a cousin cell to basophils that attempts to neutralize a parasitic invader
mast cell
What is Eosinophil’s major role
allergic response & parasitic protection…. lots of granules
what is a pattern-recognition receptor…
as our species evolved, certain characteristic infectious organisms substances became recognized and receptors were formed on our immune cells for…. lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, DNA of bacteria
What is the most abundant compliment protein
C3
what does complement fixation refer to
when a protein attaches to abnormal surface to activate destruction
describe the membrane attack complex and what it does
complement cascade result in a production of MAC which opens a hole in bacteria/virus killing it
Describe the Lectin Activation Pathway
patterns of carbs/fats on surface of common pathogens (bacteria/fungi) activates mannose binding lectin (MBL-produced in liver) which in turn activates complement cascade
What is the “classic” complementary pathway
antibody-antigen complex activates complement
What is the alternate pathway to activate complement
C3 attach to “unprotected” cells… aka compliment activated on any cell not displaying right stuff on cell surface.
These cells coordinate immune response, identified by CD4 receptors, read MHCII of APC
Helper T cells
These cells are refered to as cytotoxic lymphocytes and are identifided on CD8 receptors, in order to activate-need input from helper t cell & read MHCI, very potent
Killer T cell
What are the cells responsible for cell mediated immunity
T cells (helper, killer, & regulatory)
what cells are responsible for humoral immunity (usually need input from helper T cells…
B cells
What is a problem arising from Regulatory T cells
autoimmune disease result from malfunction of Treg cells
Memory Cells role in immunity:
an activated lymphocyte that can now quickly & efficiently mount a response.
These cells are the basis for vaccines
memory cells
What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in SERUM
IgG
this is the only antibody that crosses placenta and is responsible for 3-6 months of immune protection in the newborn
IgG
Describe the MHC Class I
inform killer t cells about what’s going on in cell. If virus invades, cell presents fragments on MHC proteins so it can be destroyed
Describe MHC class II
displayed by APC’s only (APC-MHC II complex) intended only for helper t cells.
The antigen presenting cell is associated with which class of MHC
Class II
Class II MHC is associated with type of lymphocyte?
helper T cells
Class I MHC recruits which type of lymphocyte
Killer T cells (CD8)
This is the largest & 1st antibody produced in an immune response
IgM
This antibody is a great compliment fixer & opsonizer
IgM
This antibody guards against mucosal surfaces (respiratory, digestive, reproductive)
IgA
This is the most abundant immunoglobin produced
IgA
These antibodies secrete into milk of nursing mothers protecting babies
IgA
This immunoglobin is important in anaphylaxis and allergy
IgE
This immunoglobin responsible for clumping/agglutination of the bacteria that are swept out of body
IgA
bronchospasm, hypotension, & CV collapse are signs of this allergic response from IgE
Anaphylaxis
whats the most common immunoglobulin deficiency
IgA
How does IgE react to allergens
primes mast cell to degranulate (release histamine & other chemicals that increase capillary permeability)
immunocompromised patient
pt is purposely impaired immune system to prevent/delay rejection of a transplant (prednisone)
The HLA B-27 is associated with
ankylosing spondylitits (Bamboo Spine)
Name some examples of autoimmune disorders
Diabetes I, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE (Lupus erythematous), myasthenia gravis, and sjogren’s syndrome
What does the HLA represent
human leukocyte antigen system, is the MHC of leukocyte…. used for matching WBC’s MHC when donating/etc
what is Sjogren’s syndrome
autoimmune disease, cells attach and destroy salivary & lacrimal glands resulting in dry mouth and eyes (Type IV)
What vasoactive substances are released by a cellular response to infection
histamine, bradykinin, & serotonin
What are the hallmark findings for inflammatory response
Rubor, Dolor, Calor
Type I hypersensitivity would recruit which immunoglobulin
IgE & mast cell/basophil mediated
What are signs/symtoms of Type I hypersensitivity rxn
dyspnea, bronchospasm, urticarial, angioedema, visceral edema, hypotension
which hypersensitivity type is associated with an immediate response (5-30minutes)
Type I
this type of hypersensitivity is also called cell-mediated and is associated with T cells
Type IV
Tuberculosis is a classic example of what type of hypersensitivity rxn
Type IV
Poison oak belongs to which type hypersensitivity rxn?
Type IV
Which type is associated with autoimmune & infectious ds
type IV
Histoplasmosis (a fungal infection) is what type of hypersensitivity rxn
Type IV
What is severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
impairment of both humoral and cell mediated immunity, rare, can be fatal in infancy
What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)
males begin to have recurrent bacterial infections in 1st year of life after maternal immunoglobulin disappear
What are some examples of secondary immunodeficiencies
AIDS ( low T cell levels) malnutrition, x-rays, immunosuppressant drugs (prednisone), decreased production of cytokines
What distinguishes between a primary or secondary immunodefiency
secondary is not caused by abnormalities in development or function of t & b cells… primary is
where is mannose binding lectin produced
liver
What would an activated mannose binding lectin do to elicit an immune response
activate a complement cascade
Which cells in a ‘graft’(transfusion) would attack the recipient’s cells, making HLA matching important for blood typing
Cytotoxic T cells
What cell malfunction would you associate with excessive light chain antibody disorder (multiple myeloma)
B cells
What is the cause of multiple myeloma
disfunction in the plasma (B cells) antibodies only produce the light chain portion of self…
Name the three pathways to activate complement
- classic (antibody-antigen) 2. alternative (C3 protein attaches to any unprotected cell signaling complement 3. Lectin Activation-carbs/fats on surface of some pathogens activate production of mannose binding lectin from liver=activating complement)
Oral candidiasis would be an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction
Type IV
