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Fundamentals Part 2 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two enteric plexuses that innervate the GI

A

Submucosal (Meissner Plexus) and the Myenteric (Auerbach Plexus)

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2
Q

Myenteric plexus is responsible for:

A

GI movement/motility- increased tonicity, intensity, rate, velocity, and local blood flow
Inhibits sphincter tone (pylorus & ileocecal valve)

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3
Q

what does the meissner (submucosal) plexus do

A

GI secretion & local blood flow

-very small segments of GI wall, lead to various degrees of unfolding wall

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4
Q

what does the ptyalin secrete

A

salivary amylase, digest starch

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5
Q

parietal cells of the oxyntic gland in the mucosal layer of the stomach secrete:

A

HCL & intrinsic factor

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6
Q

What do chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

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7
Q

How does pepsinogen become activated?

A

HCl splits it into an active form of pepsin

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8
Q

D cells secrete:

A

somatostatin (inhibits gastric juices)

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9
Q

G cell

A

secrete gastrin increasing gastric juice

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10
Q

ECL cells in the Oxyntic gland secrete

A

histamine (stimulates gastric acid juice)

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11
Q

Where is the swallowing center located

A

medulla and pons

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12
Q

Splanchnic flow describes::

A

nutrients from the gut, spleen, and pancreas travel via portal vein to liver

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13
Q

Describe rhythmic slow waves

A

smooth muscle that shows undulating changes in resting membrane potential but don’t cause contraction

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14
Q

What causes contaction of GI

A

Channels open allow for Ca++ along with Na+ to enter and cause long AP, contraction

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15
Q

What occurs in liver

A

removes bacteria/particles

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16
Q

what are the accessory organs of digestion

A

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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17
Q

what is saliva made up

A

water, mucus, amylase, bicarbonate, K+, and lingual lipase

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18
Q

Where and why would you see a apthous ulcer

A

“cold sore” disruption in mucousal surface from trauma infection, or inflammation

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19
Q

What two things occur in order to move the bolus from mouth into esophagus

A

pharynx muscles raise soft palate closing entry to nasopharynx, and epiglottis slides back to close off larynx & trachea

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20
Q

whats the main function of the UES

A

prevent air into esophagus during respiration

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21
Q

whats the main function of LES

A

prevents backflow from stomach

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22
Q

How do both Esophageal Sphincters perform there function

A

maintaining tonicity

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23
Q

Describe the muscularis propria in the esophagus

A

Proximal 1/3 smooth
middle 1/3 skeletal, smooth
Distal 1/3 smooth

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24
Q

what is achalasia

A

LES fails to relax preventing food from entering stomach

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25
Q

how would u tx achalasia

A

antispasmodics, balloon placement

26
Q

Esophageal strictures are caused by

A

scar tissue, sometimes from GERD

27
Q

Describe the gastroileal reflex

A

it increases ileal motility (emptying ileum, preparing for more chyme)

28
Q

describe gastroenteric reflex

A

distension of the stomach triggers peristalsis

29
Q

how do rugae help aid digestion

A

allow for increased volume without change in pressure, and increase surface area

30
Q

Describe retropulsion in the stomach

A

as the pyloris contracts sending chyme to duodenum, the remaining gets propelled back away from sphincter for further mixing

31
Q

what cells mediate the pace of peristalsis in stomach

A

Cajal cells

32
Q

What two structures of the GI are retroperitoneal

A

esophagus and duodenum

33
Q

what structures are intraperitoneal

A

jejunum, ileum, liver and stomach

34
Q

What do the Brunner’s Glands do in the duodenum

A

secrete alkaline mucus for protection via neutralizing acid

35
Q

why does a patient become constipated with an inflamed appendix?

A

irritates the cecum (close in location) hence, sphincter spasms cause partial paralysis of ileum

36
Q

what does the Crypt of Leiberkuhn do to contribute to the health of the SI

A

contains undifferentiated cells to replace the epithelial layer, secretes some digestive juices

37
Q

how do gastrin, insulin, motilin, and serotonin act on peristalsis

A

increase

38
Q

what acts to delay emptying of the stomach?

A

distension, irritation, acidity, CCK, GIP, & Secretin

39
Q

Cholecystokinin CCK functions to:

A

stimulate release of bile & pancreatic juices to break down lipids & aa
Inhibits: gastric emptying & parietal cells secretion HCL

40
Q

these two enzymes are secreted from the pancreas to aid with digestion of proteins

A

trypsinogen and chymotrypsin

41
Q

why aren’t trypsinogen and chymotrypsin able to act immediately on digestion

A

they are inactive forms to prevent them from destructing the pancreas… must be modified.

42
Q

How are fats aided in digestion?

A

bile salts from the liver and lipase from the pancreas both facilitate fat breakdown.

43
Q

what is the route of bile once it is ejected from the gallbladder to the SI

A

to cystic duct, common bile duct, and to the Sphincter of Oddi at the Ampulla of Vater at junction of the duodenum

44
Q

what carries bile from hepatocytes to the bile ducts

A

bile canalculi

45
Q

What does the liver store

A

fat, glycogen iron, copper, Vitamin B12, A, D, and E

46
Q

what does the liver synthesize

A

fat, phospholipids, cholesterol, plasma proteins, non-essential aa, serum enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, and alk phosp)

47
Q

where is calcium primarily absorbed

A

ileum

48
Q

how is calcium absorbed

A

via passive, active, and carrier proteins

49
Q

what enhances calcium absorption

A

bile salts, which also enhances vitamin D

50
Q

What does vitamin B12 bind to

A

intrinsic factor making it resistant to digestion

51
Q

where does most absorption of vitB12 occur

A

ileum terminally

52
Q

Whats vitamin B12 necessary for

A

erythrocyte maturation

53
Q

why does a deficiency of vitB12 cause pernicious anemia

A

without B12, one wouldn’t have RBC formatioin

54
Q

what is pernicious anemia caused from

A

lack of B12 in order to have erythrocyte maturation

55
Q

Secretin is stimulated to be secreted by what

A

low pH

56
Q

GIP does what

A

secretes insulin, it also inhibits parietal/chief/paralysis

57
Q

Iron and calcium have a special regulation in the body

A

amount absorbed dependent on amount needed

58
Q

iron absorption is facilitated by

A

vitamin C

59
Q

Describe the ileogastric reflex

A

when ileum is distended, it inhibits gastric motility

60
Q

describe gastrocolic

A

distended gastric promotes propulsion through colon

61
Q

What do the I cells in Small Intestine secrete

A

Cholecystokinin- responsible for ejecting bile (inhibits gastrin motility)

Fundamentals Part 2 (8 decks)

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