Renal

Question 1

What are diuretics used to treat?

Answer 1

Diabetes insipidus, kidney stones etc, polycystic ovary syndrome, congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, female hirsutism, osteoporosis, cirrhosis

Question 2

Name the 5 types of diuretic

Answer 2

Lop, Thiazide, Potassium sparing, carbonic anhydrase, osmotic diuretics

Question 3

Give 2 examples of loop diuretics

Answer 3

Furosemide, bumetanide

Question 4

Name 2 thiazides

Answer 4

Bendroflumathiazide, metolazone

Question 5

Name 2 potassium sparing drugs

Answer 5

Spironlactone, amiloride

Question 6

Name a carbonic anhydrase diuretc

Answer 6

Acetazolamide

Question 7

Name an osmotic diuretic

Answer 7

Mannitol

Question 8

What is Fureosemide?

Answer 8

A loop diuretic

Question 9

What is bumetanide?

Answer 9

A loop diuretic

Question 10

What is bendroflumathiazide?

Answer 10

A thiazide diuretic

Question 11

What is metolazone?

Answer 11

A thiazide diuretic

Question 12

What is spironolactone?

Answer 12

A potassium sparing diuretic

Question 13

What is amiloride?

Answer 13

Potassium sparing diuretic

Question 14

What is acetazolamide?

Answer 14

A carbonic anhydrase diuretic

Question 15

What is mannitol?

Answer 15

An osmotic diuretic

Question 16

Where do loop diuretics act? How?

Answer 16

In the thick ascending limb

Blocks Na+/Cl-/K+ pump so Na+ stays in lumen and it excreted

Question 17

When would you use loop diuretics? Side effects?

Answer 17

Used oedema, resistant hypertension and congestive heart failure
Can cause osteoarthritis (Ca2+ loss) and deafness (electrolyte imbalance) and hypokaleamia

Question 18

Which diuretics can cause hypokalaemia?

Answer 18

Loop, thiazide

Question 19

When are thiazides used?

Answer 19

mild heart failure, hypertension, oedema, ascites of liver

Question 20

Where and how to thiazides act?

Answer 20

Distal convoluted tubule

Acts on Na+/Cl- transporter on luminal border blocking Na+ reabsorption

Question 21

Side effects of thiazides?

Answer 21

Weakness, impotence, hypokalaemia, hypercalcamia, glucose intolerance, hyperuriciaemia, lipid raising

Question 22

Where and how to potassium sparing drugs work?

Answer 22

Distal convoluted tubule
type1- block Na+ channels
type2- aldosterone antagonist

Question 23

Name K+ sparing drugs from each type

Answer 23

K+ sparing= amiloride, triamterene

Aldosterone antagonist= spirolactone, eplereone

Question 24

Side effects of K+ sparing diuretics

Answer 24

Hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia (too much K+ sparing and Na+ losing
Impotence/menstrual irregularities

Question 25

How and where do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work?

Answer 25

Proximal convoluted tubule, inhibits transport of HCO3- out of PCT into interstitium and Na+ reabsorption

Question 26

What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used for?

Answer 26

To treat glaucoma and altitude sickness

Question 27

What are osmotic diuretics used for?

Answer 27

To treat cerebral oedema, acute renal failure and to maintain diuresis in surgery

Question 28

Side effects of CA inhibitors?

Answer 28

Tingles and drowsiness

Question 29

Side effects of osmotic diuretics?

Answer 29

Thrombophlebitis, chills and fever

Question 30

How can diuretics treat hypertension?

Answer 30

Reduced blood volume-> BP drops, peripheral resistance lower when CO returns to normal. Maybe less Na+ reduces intracellular Ca2+