renal 2 slide 33-56 (more A & P)

Question 1

• one per nephron
• regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure
• modified portions distal ascending loop of Henle
• afferent arteriole

Answer 1

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 2

-synthesize, store, release renin

-act as mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure

-enlarged smooth muscles cells of arteriole

Answer 2

granular cells (juxtaglomerular/JG cells

Question 3

-chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate

-tall closely packed cells of ascending loop of Henle

Answer 3

Macula densa

Question 4

-pass signals between macula densa and granular cells

-interconnected with gap junctions

Answer 4

extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 5

the filtration membrane consist of what 3 things

Answer 5

1. fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
2. Visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule(podocytes with foot processes and filtration)
3. Gel-like basement membrane (fused basal laminae of the two other layers)

Question 6

the filtration membrane’s, _________charged basement membrane repels large anions such as ______ ______.

Answer 6

negatively charged basement membrane repels large anions such as plasma proteins

Question 7

the filtration membrane allows passage of water and solutes smaller than most plasma____. the fenestrations prevent filtration of ____ ____.

Answer 7

proteins

blood cells

Question 8

The basement membranes has a negative charge. What does this repel?

Answer 8

negative proteins

Question 9

In the filtration membrane, the flow from plasma through the basement membrane passes through? in order of flow

________

________

________

Answer 9

plasma

1. capillary endothelium
2. basement membrane
3. foot processes of podocyte of glomerular capsule

Question 10

filtrate is made up of blood plasma minus ______and_____ _____.

Answer 10

proteins and blood cells.

Question 11

• less than one percent of total filtrate
• contains metabolic waste and unneeded substances

Answer 11

urine

Question 12

Name the three major renal processes?

Answer 12

Glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

tubular secretion

Question 13

a passive mechanical process driven by high hydrostatic pressure from afferent arterioles

Answer 13

glomerular filtration

Question 14

the net filtration pressure is determined by ?

3 things

Answer 14

• glomerular hydrostatic pressure
• colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood
• Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

the glomerular filtration rate is the volume of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys is ____-______ ml/min

Answer 15

120-125

Question 16

• the the glomerular (blood) hydrostatic pressure pushes the filtrate __1__ into the glomerular capsule
• the blood colloid osmotic/oncotic pressure keeps filtrate and water__2___ the plasma/blood
• the capsular hydrostatic pressure ___3___ the water filtrate/plasma
• the net filtration pressure that results in 10mmHg

Answer 16

1 out

2 in

3 keeps in

Question 17

GFR is governed by what three things?

(physiological)

Answer 17

• total surface area available for filtration
• filtration membrane permeability
• net filtration pressure

Question 18

GFR is tightly controlled by what two types of mechanisms

Answer 18

• intrinsic control (auto regulation) act locally within kidney “prostanoids”
• extrinsic controls (nervous & endocrine that maintain blood pressure, but affect kidney function)

Question 19

intrinsic controls keep GFR constant when MAP is ____ -_____ mm Hg at the glomerulus(not systemic MAP)

Answer 19

80-100

Question 20

two types of renal auto regulation that control GFR are ?

Answer 20

• myogenic mechanism
• tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Question 21

Myogenic mechanism maintains GFR by:

if BP is high?

if BP is Low?

Answer 21

• if BP is high, afferent arterioles constrict which helps maintain GFR and protect glomeruli from damaging
• if BP is low afferents arterioles constrict to help maintain normal GFR

Question 22

flow dependent mechanism directed by macula densa cells

Answer 22

-tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Question 23

in regards to intrinsic control of GFR regulated by tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism:

• the macula densa cells of the JGA respond to ______by releasing ______causing vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole thereby decreasing ____.
• gives the PCT time to reabsorb more NaCl

Answer 23

• increased NaCl
• ATP
• decreasing ATP

Question 24

under normal conditions at rest renal blood vessels are dilated and auto regulation mechanism controlled by _______ _______ _______ prevails.

Answer 24

sympathetic nervous system

Question 25

in regards to sympathetic nervous system control of renal blood flow and filtration:

In times of extreme stress ______and ______ are released causing constriction of the afferent arterioles, inhibiting filtration and release of ______

Answer 25

norepinephrine

epinephrine

renin

Question 26

in regards to the kidney:

• norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to beta 1 causing ______.
• norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to alpha 1 causing _______.
• which results in ______.

Answer 26

• release of renin
• vasoconstriction
• decreased GFR and reabsorb more water

Question 27

When renin is released from the granular cells of the JGA it bust of a cascade. Tell me about.

Answer 27

• angiotensin (a plasma globulin)
• cleaved by renin (enzyme)
• kapow we got some angiotensin 1

-ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

-angiotensin 2

-aldosterone

Question 28

the effects of angiotensin 2 are:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Answer 28

1-constricts arteriolar smooth muscle

2-stimulates Na reabsorption via direct action on renal tubules and release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

3. Stimulates the hypothalamus to release ADH and activates the thirst center
4. constricts efferent arterioles decreasing peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure increasing fluid reabsorption
5. causes glomerular mesangial cells to contract decreasing surface area for filtration