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biochem acid and base > A&P Meat and potatoes > Flashcards

A&P Meat and potatoes Flashcards

1
Q

-synthesize, store, release renin

-act as mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure

-enlarged smooth muscles cells of arteriole

A

granular cells (juxtaglomerular/JG cells

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2
Q

-chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate

-tall closely packed cells of ascending loop of Henle

A

Macula densa

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3
Q

the filtration membrane consist of what 3 things

A
  1. fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
  2. Visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule(podocytes with foot processes and filtration)
  3. Gel-like basement membrane (fused basal laminae of the two other layers)
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4
Q

the filtration membrane’s, _________charged basement membrane repels large anions such as ______ ______.

A

negatively charged basement membrane repels large anions such as plasma proteins

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5
Q

The basement membranes has a negative charge. What does this repel?

A

negative proteins

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6
Q

Name the three major renal processes?

A

Glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

tubular secretion

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7
Q

the net filtration pressure is determined by ?

3 things

A
  • glomerular hydrostatic pressure
  • colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood
  • Capsular hydrostatic pressure
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8
Q

GFR is governed by what three things?

(physiological)

A
  • total surface area available for filtration
  • filtration membrane permeability
  • net filtration pressure
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9
Q

GFR is tightly controlled by what two types of mechanisms

A
  • intrinsic control (auto regulation) act locally within kidney “prostanoids”
  • extrinsic controls (nervous & endocrine that maintain blood pressure, but affect kidney function)
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10
Q

two types of renal auto regulation that control GFR are ?

not prostanoids and hormones

A

two types of renal auto regulation that control GFR are ?

  • myogenic mechanism
  • tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
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11
Q

Myogenic mechanism maintains GFR by:

if BP is high?

if BP is Low?

A
  • if BP is high, afferent arterioles constrict which helps maintain GFR and protect glomeruli from damaging
  • if BP is low afferents arterioles constrict to help maintain normal GFR
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12
Q

in regards to intrinsic control of GFR regulated by tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism:

  • the macula densa cells of the JGA respond to increased ______by releasing ______causing vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole thereby decreasing ____.
  • gives the PCT time to reabsorb more NaCl
A
  • increased NaCl
  • ATP
  • decreasing GFR
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13
Q

under normal conditions at rest renal blood vessels are dilated and auto regulation mechanism controlled by _______ _______ _______ prevails.

A

sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

in regards to sympathetic nervous system control of renal blood flow and filtration:

In times of extreme stress ______and ______ are released causing constriction of the afferent arterioles, inhibiting filtration and release of ______

A

norepinephrine

epinephrine

renin

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15
Q

in regards to the kidney:

  • norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to beta 1 causing ______.
  • norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to alpha 1 causing _______.
  • which results in ______.
A
  • release of renin
  • vasoconstriction
  • decreased GFR and reabsorb more water
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16
Q

When renin is released from the granular cells of the JGA it bust of a cascade. Tell me about.

A
  • angiotensin (a plasma globulin)
  • cleaved by renin (enzyme)
  • kapow we got some angiotensin 1

-ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

-angiotensin 2

-aldosterone

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17
Q

the effects of angiotensin 2 are:

1.

2.

3.

A

1-constricts arteriolar smooth muscle-increases MAP

2-stimulates Na reabsorption via direct action on renal tubules and release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

  1. Stimulates the hypothalamus to release ADH and activates the thirst center
  2. constricts efferent arterioles decreasing peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure increasing fluid reabsorption
  3. causes glomerular mesangial cells to contract decreasing surface area for filtration
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18
Q

angiotensin’s main overall function is to maintain ?

A

maintain patient volume status in times of stress

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19
Q

Three triggers that cause release of Angiotensin by granular cells to maintain systemic blood pressure.

“please know all three”, (Captain Frida 2021)

A
  1. -reduced stretch (baroceptor) of granular cells (MAP below 80) “decreased systemic BP”
  2. -stimulation of granular cells by macula densa cells
  3. -stimulation of granular cells via B1 (norepi or epi) adrenergic receptors by renal nerves
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20
Q

“because cautious with renal patients, patients who’s lab indicate renal damage, or some one taking NSAIDS because vasoconstriction by norepi and angiotension 2 might be counteracted by________.

A

autacoids

prostaglandin E2 (PGI 2)

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21
Q

_____ _____ makes up ___% of nephrons, almost entirely in the _____

A

cortical nephrons

85%

cortex

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22
Q

vasopressin binding to A1 releases ___causing increase of ______ _____ by acting on the collecting duct via _______.

A

ADH

water reabsorption

aquaporins

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23
Q

the majority of sodium is reabsorbed where?

A

straight proximal tubule

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24
Q

most water reabsorption take place where?

A

proximal convuluted tubule

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25
Q

name two hormones that regulate water reabsorption?

A

ADH

aldosterone (via ion regulation)

26
Q

most sodium is reabsorbed via the action of the____.

(primary active transport out of the tubule in the basolateral membrane)

A

NaK ATPase pump

27
Q

the most abundant cation in filtrate is?

A

sodium

28
Q

the reabsorption of _____provides the energy and the means of reabsorbing most other substances

A

sodium

29
Q

organic nutrients are reabsorbed via

A

secondary active transport (atp and co-transporters)

30
Q

______is a selective transepithelial process in which all organic nutrients are reabsorbed and water and ion reabsorption are hormonally regulated

A

tubular reabsorption

31
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs

1.

2.

3.

4.

A

65% of Na and water

all nutrients

ions

small proteins

32
Q

the descending loop of Henle absorbs

A

water

33
Q

the ascending loop of Henle reabsorbs

A

Na, K, Cl

34
Q

the descending loop of Henle is thin and absorbs water while the ascending loop of Henle is thicker has ____ and reabsorbs ions.

A

pumps

35
Q

the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct are ______regulated and reabsorb ____, ____, and___.

A

Ca

water

Na

36
Q

Calcium reabsorption is regulated by what hormone?

A

parathyroid hormone

37
Q

water reabsorption is regulated by what hormone?

A

ADH

38
Q

sodium reabsorption is regulated by what two hormone?

A

Aldosterone and ANP

39
Q

what hormone targets collecting ducts (principal cells) and the DCT to promote synthesis of luminal Na and K channels and promotes synthesis of basolateral NaK ATPase

A

aldosterone

40
Q

the mechanism in which we eliminate excess K, Hydrogen, creatine, organic acids and control blood PH by altering Hydrogen and bicarb in the urine

A

tubular secretion

41
Q

what hormone plays a part in the elimination of K?

A

aldosterone

42
Q

the countercurrent multiplier is ?

A

filtrate flow in the loop of Henle

43
Q

the concurrent exchanger is ?

A

blood flow in the vasa recta

44
Q

the biggest player in regards to concentrating urine?

A

ADH

45
Q

the role of the countercurrent mechanism is to?

A

the role of the countercurrent mechanism is to?

  • establish an osmotic gradient from renal cortex through the medulla
  • allows kidneys to vary urine concentration
46
Q

concurrent multiplier:

the _____is freely permable to water which passes out the filtrate into the hyperosmotic medullary interstitial fluid

A

descending loop of Henle

47
Q

the descending loop of henle is permeable to ____and impermeable to ______which results in increasingly concentrated filtrate osmolarity of 300-1200.

the ascending loop of henle is permeable to ____and impermeable to ______ which results in increasingly dilute filtrate osmolarity of 100

A

the descending loop of henle is permeable to water and impermeable to NaCl which results in increasingly concentrated filtrate osmolarity of 300-1200.

the ascending loop of henle is permeable to NaCl and impermeable to water which results in increasingly dilute filtrate osmolarity of 100

48
Q

______contributes to the high osmolality in the medulla

A

urea

49
Q

delivers blood to medullary tissues

A

vasa recta

50
Q

slide 27 in red

  • has a short loop of Henle and glomerulus further from corticomedullary junction
  • efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries
A

cortical nephron

51
Q

slide 27 in red

  • has a long loop of henle and glomerulus closer to the corticomedullary junctions
  • efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta
A

juxtamedullary nephron

52
Q

filtrate is diluted in the _______by pulling sodium out with pumps.

A

ascending loop of Henley

53
Q

in the absence of ____dilute filtrate continues into the renal pelvis as dilute urine

A

ADH

54
Q

freely permeable to water which passes out of the filtrate into the hyperosmotic medullary interstitial fluid

A

descending loop of Henle

55
Q

where is?

-filtrate osmolality decreases to 100 mOsm

A

ascending limb of the loop of henle

56
Q

Na and Cl are passively reabsorbed in the ______ segment and actively reabsorbed in the _______ segment of ascending loop of Henle.

A

thin

thick

57
Q

as filtrate passes through the descending loop of Henle _____ is removed and _____ _____ goes into the filtrate resulting in the osmolarity _______ and the filtrate becoming more ______.

A

as filtrate passes through the descending loop of Henle water is removed and sodium chloride goes into the filtrate resulting in the osmolarity increasing and the filtrate becoming more concentrated.

58
Q

as filtrate passes through the ascending loop of Henle water is ______ and _____ _______ goes out of the filtrate resulting in the osmolarity ______ and the filtrate becoming more ______.

A

as filtrate passes through the ascending loop of Henle water is absorbed and sodium chloride goes out of the filtrate resulting in the osmolarity decreasing and the filtrate becoming more dilute.

59
Q

-highly permeable to H20, sluggish blood flow, letting time for reabsorption of NaCl and water

  • maintains osmotic gradient
  • delivers blood to medullary tissues
  • prevents rapid removal of salt by removing reabsorbed H20
A

vasa recta

60
Q

_______triggers reabsorption of H20 in the collecting ducts

A

ADH

61
Q

_______triggers reabsorption of H20 in the collecting ducts

A

ADH

62
Q

formation of concentrated urine depends on the medullary _____gradient and _____.

A

osmotic

ADH

biochem acid and base (10 decks)

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