Renal Flashcards
What physical exam findings are associated with hypocalcemia?
- Facial muscle contraction with tapping of the face (Chvostek sign)
- Carpopedal spasm (Trousseau sign
- Hyperreflexia
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Minimal Change Disease (idiopathic nephrotic syndrome)
What is the treatment for minimal change disease?
Corticosteroids, children return to baseline within 4-8 weeks
What is the definition of acute renal injury?
Acute renal injury is a rapid decline in kidney function, typically defined as an increase in serum creatinine by 0.3 mg/dL or more within 48 hours.
What is the most common cause of acute renal injury
prerenal azotemia
What is the primary laboratory test used to assess kidney function?
Serum creatinine
Name one common medication that can cause acute tubular necrosis.
Aminoglycosides
What is the typical urine output in acute renal injury?
Less than 0.5 mL/kg/h for more than 6 hours.
Which imaging study is often used to evaluate postrenal causes of acute renal injury?
Ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder
What are the hallmark signs of prerenal acute renal injury?
Low urine sodium and high urine osmolality
What is the role of renal replacement therapy in acute renal injury?
It is used to replace kidney function in cases of severe acute renal injury or complications like hyperkalemia.
List one potential complication of acute renal injury.
Volume overload
What effect do NSAIDs have on glomerular filtration rate?
Decrease GFR
What electrolyte abnormality results in U waves on an EKG?
Hypokalemia
White blood cell casts in urine are pathognomonic for what diagnosis?
Acute pyelonephritis
What is the most common type of bladder cancer?
Transitional cell carcinoma
Patients with multiple myeloma are at an increased risk of what electrolyte abnormality due to the increase in bone breakdown?
Hypercalcemia
What is the most common solid kidney tumor of childhood?
Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)
What is the peak age for presentation with a Wilms tumor?
What is the initial imaging modality for diagnosis?
Age 3
Renal US
What concomitant electrolyte disorder should be suspected in a patient with hypokalemia who does not respond to potassium repletion?
Hypomagnesemia
