Genitourinary Flashcards
What is the most common infecting organism in a patient with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection?
E. coli
Why is nitrofurantoin the preffered antibiotic in treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections?
Nitrofurantoin concentrates in the urine, leading to higher and more effective levels in the urinary tract than in other tissues or compartments. Because of this, and poor tissue penentration it is not used in pyelonephritis.
What is the initial diagnostic step for a patient reporting dysuria without urinary frequecy or urgency?
Urine dipstick or urinalysis with urine culture
What is the main feature that distinguishes pyelonephritis from cystitis?
Fever
What alternative antibiotic can be used in patients with pyelonephritis who cannot tolerate a fluoroquinolone?
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for 14 days
What bacteria most commonly is associated with acute pyelonephritis?
What are the symptoms?
E. coli
Fever, dysuria, and flank pain
What is the most common cause of acute bacterial prostatitis in men under 35?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.
What is the most common cause of acute bacterial prostatitis in men over 35?
Escherichia coli.
What is the initial diagnostic test for suspected nephrolithiasis?
Non-contrast CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis.
What is the gold standard diagnostic test for nephrolithiasis?
CT abdomen/pelvis without contrast.
What is the most common type of kidney stone?
Calcium oxalate.
What is the recommended first-line treatment for uncomplicated cystitis in women?
Nitrofurantoin, TMP-SMX, or Fosfomycin.
What are the first-line antibiotics for pyelonephritis?
Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin).
What is the most common cause of epididymitis in men under 35?
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
What is the most common cause of epididymitis in men over 35?
Escherichia coli.
What is the classic triad of symptoms in nephrotic syndrome?
Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
What is the hallmark of nephritic syndrome?
Hematuria, RBC casts, hypertension, oliguria.
What is the best initial test for suspected testicular torsion?
Doppler ultrasound of the scrotum.
What is the treatment for testicular torsion?
Urgent surgical detorsion within 6 hours.
What is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling in an adult male?
Hydrocele.
What tumor marker is elevated in testicular cancer?
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-hCG, and LDH.
What is the most common type of testicular cancer?
Seminomas.
What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?
Smoking, occupational exposure (dyes, rubber, leather).
What is the first-line treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Alpha-blockers (e.g., tamsulosin), 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride).
What is the most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide?
IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease).
What is the best initial treatment for hyperkalemia with ECG changes?
Calcium gluconate, insulin with glucose, sodium bicarbonate.
