Remembering and Forgetting Flashcards
What is declarative memory
Episodic and semantic memory
What are the types of recall test
free recall, cued recall, serial recall, recall of events
Who was the first person to measure forgettin?
Ebbinghaus
What did Ebbinghaus find?
forgetting slows over time
Forgetting, measured appropriately, can often be described by a simple mathematical function of the …
retention interval
What did Bahrick find about forgetting in students compaired to teachers
- no forgetting of school class-mates over 30 years
* but forgetting of former students by teachers does increase with interval
What is rentention interval?
time in storage
What is retroactive interference.
• Later recall of List 1 worse when List 2 was learned afterwards
What is proactive interference?
• Later recall of List 2 worse when List 1 has been learned before
What is the implication of interference
retrieval difficulty increases when other similar material has been learned, holding retention interval constant.
What did Godden and Baddely find about retrieval failure?
retrieval failure is increased by interference from similar material
What is the primacy effect
remembering the first few items
What do incidental memory experiments show?
processing the meaning of, and actively organising, the material are effective learning strategies
What did Mandler investigate?
organising the material is what produces effective acquisition, not effort to learn
What did Craik and Tulving find?
processing the meaning is better than processing surface form
How can you learn mnemonics?
- One-is-a-bun mnemonic for sequence learning
* Method of loci (e.g. for learning a speech)
What id the loci method?
memorise a route and the route can remind you of your speech in order
Why do mnemonics work
hey bind ideas to a pre-established framework which organises them (e.g. serial order, in the case of the method of loci and ‘one-is-a-bun’)
» Imagery encourages formation of rich nexus of associations between the frame “hook” and the concept attached to that hook.
» Forces exhaustive retrieval attempts
What does sleep improve?
memory for material learned in the last few hours
What is retrograde facilitation
alcohol improves memory for material learned just before
When is interference maximal
when the same (or similar) stimulus terms are used for each list
When is the fan effect eliminated?
if the facts are thematically related
When we try to remember, we cover only…
fragmentary associations
What did Loftus and Palmer find
• Mis-information implied by the interrogation after the event is incorporated into the subject’s reconstruction of the event
