effects of cognition on emotion

Question 1

What are the appraisal theories (Lazarus)

Answer 1

• Appraisals start the emotion process
• Can occur automatically (without awareness or control) or consciously (deliberate, volitional).
• Consist of different levels of appraisal (e.g. primary, secondary, reappraisal).

Question 2

How can different levels of appraisal occur

Answer 2

Different levels of appraisal occur and some are conscious and deliberate but others are automatic

Question 3

what is primary appraisal

Answer 3

motivational relevance e.g. positive / negative / irrelevant to wellbeing

Question 4

what is secondary appraisal

Answer 4

account taken of resources to cope with the situation

Question 5

what is reappraisal

Answer 5

stimulus and coping strategies are monitored, with earlier appraisals being modified if necessary.

Question 6

Who came up with the emotion generative procss

Answer 6

gross & thompson

Question 7

What is the role of appraisals in emotion

Answer 7

The role of appraisals in emotion gives us scope to alter our emotions by changing our appraisals. This describes one mechanism of emotion regulation, which is a very important skill that is implicated in most psychological disorders.

Question 8

example of pro-active strategy

Answer 8

reappraisal

Question 9

example of reactive startegy

Answer 9

Response suppression

Question 10

Who did the model of emotion regulation

Answer 10

ochsner and gross

Question 11

what does the model of emotion regulation include

Answer 11

The Ochsner and Gross model of emotion regulation (e.g. 2008) includes these different stages and suggests they have partially distinct neural correlates. Pro-active strategies such as reappraisal (prepare yourself to interpret the information differently before you experience it) are generally believed to be more effective than reactive strategies such as response suppression (suppress the emotion once you start feeling it).

Question 12

what does the DLPFC play an important role in

Answer 12

workin g memory and emotion rgulation

Question 13

How did Dillen examine distraction

Answer 13

Van Dillen and colleagues have examined distraction as one emotion regulation strategy by asking participants to view and rate their mood in response to viewing negative images but “filling up” working memory with a simple or complex arithmetic task in-between. Their results showed that a more demanding cognitive task reduces negative mood. In their fMRI study this appeared to be related to increased DLPFC activation during the complex arithmetic task.

Question 14

How did Siegel research depression

Answer 14

Siegle and colleagues have conducted similar studies in patients with depression to try to understand why they have poorer emotion regulation in response to negative stimuli, such as words. Participants viewed a word, then performed a working memory task.

Sustained amygdala response to negative emotional words in depression

Patients with depression showed a sustained amygdala response to the negative word that persisted through the working memory portion of each trial.

Question 15

In Siegel’s study, Patients with depression showed a sustained what in response to negative words

Answer 15

amygdala

Question 16

Inverse realtionship between DLPFC and….

Answer 16

anygdala response to negative words

Question 17

What did depressed patients show about DLPFC activation

Answer 17

Whilst healthy controls showed an increase in DLPFC activation during the memory task, and an associated reduction in amygdala response, patients with depression did not show this “switching off” effect during the working memory (distraction) part of the trial.

Question 18

What region is frequently activated when people try to overcome interference or cognitive conflict in tasks like the stroop

Answer 18

anterior cingulate

Question 19

What did Elliott et al research about Bias towards sad targets in depression linked to increased anterior cingulate response

Answer 19

In this task, participants have to either press (go) for sad words (and ignore happy distractor words) or vice-versa.

Decreases in ventral anterior cingulate responses to increasing intensity sad faces correlated with antidepressant response (Fu et al. 2004)

Question 20

Lesions result in widespread impairment of what

Answer 20

emotional expression identification (visual & auditory), disinhibition, impulsiveness, misinterpretation of other people’s moods, impaired decision-making

Question 21

What is the Iowa Gambling task

Answer 21

Different groups show impaired decision-making over the course of the Iowa gambling task. Patients with ventromedial frontal lobe lesions are particularly impaired and people with substance use disorders also fail to show the adaptive learning pattern.

Question 22

what was found w the gambling task

Answer 22

patients with lesions to emotional parts of the brain – the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex – fail to show normal changes in physiological arousal when they perform the card task.

. The patients are either not generating the bodily responses to reward and punishment or they are failing to link these to future decisions (i.e. failing to anticipate in a bodily sense the outcome of their choices).

Question 23

who came up with the Somatic Marker hypothesis

Answer 23

Damasio

Question 24

What is a somatic marker

Answer 24

affective judgement comes to influence the decision making process

a “somatic marker” is produced which signals to the individual the emotive consequences of the actions leading to such a decision. The “somatic marker” is essentially the body state that corresponds to the peripheral arousal created by the emotion produced.

Question 25

• IGT performance and anticipatory arousal were…

Answer 25

positivley correlated