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key studies Flashcards

1
Q

comparing a word one at a time to each word-form stored in the mental dictionary

A

Foster- serial search model

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2
Q

using bins; comparing a word one at a time to each word-form stored in the mental dictionary

A

Foster and Murray- modified serial search model

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3
Q

advance knowledge of frequency should help decision most for high frequency words

A

IA-style parallel matching process

Gordon tested this (knowing frequency in advance helps for high frequency words)

consistent w parallel

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4
Q

Dual route model of dyslexia

A

surface- impaired exception words

phonological- impaired non words

deep- impaired all words

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5
Q

One direct route to translate both regular and exception patterns (providing they are relatively)

A

triangle model (Seidenberg)

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6
Q

ERP applied word by word.

exaggerated negative potential of about 400ms

A

N400 (Federmeier)

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7
Q

Distraction paradigm and retention interval

A

Brown-Peterson

retention rapidly declines over time then levels off

probed & free recall

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8
Q

Short interval words rapidly decay.

Long interval are more permanent

A

dual-trace theory

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9
Q

memory trace delays rapidly to start and then slows

A

single trace theory

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10
Q

stress and working memory

A

Ramirez and Beilock

writing up worries before a test could free up WM resources needed for test

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11
Q

VSTM can hold 3 or 4 objects

A

Luck and Vongel

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12
Q

Visual STS distinct from long-term visual memory

A

Phillips and Chrisite

Recency effect

Recency effect eliminated by 5 seconds of mental arithmetic

Shows WM and LTM as seperate stores

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13
Q

Economy principle

A

Collins and Quillian

properties stored higher up should take longer to retrieve

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14
Q

Longer retention interval does not necessarily increase forgetting

A

Bahrick et al

yearbook

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15
Q

Time versus intervening (similar) experiences

A

Baddeley and Hitch

rugby bois

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16
Q

encoding: depth of processing at acquisition

A

Craik and Tulving

processing the meaning is better than processing surface form

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17
Q

Encoding: organisation at acquisition

incidental memory

A

Mandler

shows that orgnising material is more helpful than trying to learn it

those trying to learn a list did worse than those sorting cards into categories

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18
Q

Fan effect in fact retrieval

A

Lewis and Anderson

if facts are thematically related, fan effects are eliminated

create multiple links among facts to remember

napoleon study

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19
Q

Encoding x retrieval: remembering as reconstruction

A

Barlett

war of ghosts

we interpret what we see via schema. fragments remembered from other episodic memories.

recall is reconstructive

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20
Q

Eye witness testimony

A

Loftus and Palmer- misinfo implied interrogation after the event

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21
Q

Coding x retrieval- context and encoding specifity

A

Eich

sensitivity of retrieval to congruence with the internal context at the time of learning is state-dependent sometimes.

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22
Q

system 1- intuitive, automatic

system 2- squential, conscious

A

dual-process theory

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23
Q

availability heuristic

A

Tversky annd Kahnmen

english words with the letter K as first letter….

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24
Q

representative bias

A

Kahneman & Tversky

lawyer or Tversky.

prototype effect

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25
Q

functional fixedness

A

duncker

participants had to find a way of supporting a candle, worked better w pins out the box

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26
Q

Conservation and confirmation bias in inductive reasoning

A

Wason 2 4 6

people seek confirmaiton rather than testing

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27
Q

WM capacity limits and heurisitcs in problem solving

A

Mean-end-analysis and dont repeat a move

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28
Q

trouble with IF-THEN

A

Wason 4 card problem

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29
Q

inferencing is automatic

A

Garnham tested ced verbatim recall for lists of sentences

Bransford- old sentences

automatically infer and remember what we said

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30
Q

strategies to understanding given local ambiguity

A

minimal commitment strategy
serial strategy
paralllel strategy

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31
Q

Semantic priming

A

meyer and schvaneveldt

bread as a lexical decision for butter

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32
Q

reduced relative clauses. processing local syntactic ambiguities.

syntactic parsing

A

Frazier and Rayner

construct many structues w different meanings at once or make lots

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33
Q

Dichotic split-span

A

Broadbent

Ps found it easier to recall thne one switch between ears as they only switched attention once

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34
Q

filter model of attention

A

Broadbent

sensory features of all speech sources are processed in parallel and stored briefly in sensory memory

access to conscious awareness

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35
Q

late selection theories of attention

A

Deutsch- attended and unattended words are processed

relevant meanings are picked out

36
Q

filter-attenuation theory

A

Treisman

is an early filter but it is not all-or-none. filtering is optional

37
Q

early selection an option not a bottleneck

A

Moray and Marks

numbers in right ear and someitmes letter in left

38
Q

selection in vision

A

Simon and Chabris

gorilla

39
Q

attentional spotlight

A

Posner et al

endogenous cueing. P responds as fast as possible to a stimuluss. advantage in cognitive processing

40
Q

Feature-integration theory

A

bind features of the same object from different maps into an object description, we need focal attention to a location

41
Q

study on relative risk of cell phone use

A

strayer et al

no sig difference between effects of talkin g on hand held and hands free

42
Q

competition for a general purpose processor

A

broadbent

central processor

43
Q

demanding tasks combined without inference

A

antonis and reynolds

music studnet.

difficulty did not influence

44
Q

psychological refractory period

A

Welford

two choice reaction time tasks, stimulus onset separated by a variable, very short, interval.

PRP occurs even when the stimuli and responses for the two tasks are in different modalities

45
Q

response selection is bottlenecked

A

pashler

wait until response selection is free

46
Q

strategy application disorder

A

shallice and burgess

shopping

47
Q

flanker effect

A

response triggered by application of instructed task set to irrelevant objects

48
Q

activation of meaning by subliminal or unattended objects

A

Koulder

priming w peoples faces

49
Q

priming to behaviour

A

Bargh et al

walking speed down corrider slower after priming w age related words

50
Q

when does awareness of intention happen relative to initiation of action

A

Libet ERP paradigm

P raises finger when they feel like it

lateralised readiness potential- associated w selection of left v right response

51
Q

Decision making and problem solving

choice blindness

A

nisbett adn wilson

switching out peoples chosen faces

52
Q

unconscious thought advantage

A

Dijksterhuis

unconscious decision makign and reasoning may be superoir to conscious

P chose cars

53
Q

halo effect

A

nisbettt and wilson

one good quality heightens others

54
Q

wrong about feelings

A

Dutton and Aaron

adrenaline and attraction

55
Q

FACS

A

ekman

more negative facial expressions linked to negative mood

56
Q

Valence-asymmetry hypothesis

A

davidson

left sided prefrontal cortex- approach related positive goals

right sided- goals requiring inhibition

an example of dual process theory

57
Q

Circumplex model

A

Russell

arousal v valience

58
Q

positive link between activity in corrugator (frown) and mood

A

Kunecke

59
Q

facial expressions shaped by social context

A

Fridlund

60
Q

body responses that occur in response to emotive stimuli

A

James-Lange theory

61
Q

Emotions occurred even if the brain disconnected from viscera

A

Cannon-Bard theory

against James-lange

stimulation of body doesnt lead to emotions

62
Q

two factor theory of emotion

A

schachter and singer

gave ps info about adrenaline or a placebo. those who were informed had low euphoria and misinformed had high

63
Q

neural circuit of emotion

A

Papez

sensory messages concerning emmotional stimuli that arrive at the thalamas are directed to both the cortex and hypothalamas

64
Q

amygdala in emotion processing

A

LeDoux

high and low amygdala routes

65
Q

orchid hypothesis

A

Caspi

If an s-allele carrier is raised positvley they will thrive but opposite if negative

66
Q

Depressed people identifying emotion

A

Surguldaze

less sensitive to positive

67
Q

lesions on the anterior insula lead to deficts in the experience of disgust

A

Calder

68
Q

appraisal theories

A

lazarus

appraisals start the emotion process. can occur automatically. consist of different levels of appraisal

69
Q

abnormal emotion regulation in depression

A

siegle

sustained amygdala response to negative words in depressed people

70
Q

giving back is impaired by ventromedial frontal lobe lesions

A

iowa gambling

71
Q

somatic marker hypothesis

A

Damasio

version of James-Lange theory

peripheral feedback is argued to be essential to decision making.

affective judgement comes to influence the decision is a somatic marker

72
Q

attention bias in attention probe task

A

MacLeod

Ps are faster to respond to probes appearing in an already attended region

73
Q

Modified APT

A

Grafton

Ps have to attend a cue in order to be able to respond accurately

74
Q

weapon focus

A

loftus

75
Q

Behavioural theory with behavioural inhibition system and behavioural activation system

A

Gray

BIS- predicts an individuals response to anxiety-relevant cues in a given environment

BAS- based on a model of appetitive motivation

76
Q

What is reappraisal

A

Basically it is changing how you think about or perceive an emotional situation.

An emotion regulation strategy that involves changing the trajectory of an emotional response by reinterpreting the meaning of the emotional stimulus. It is seen as a proactive cognitive change strategy to regulate emotions in the ochsner and Gross model.

77
Q

emotional generative process

A

gross & thompson

changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact

78
Q

model of emotion regulatoin

A

ochsner and gross

the process model of emotion regulation pioneered by Gross (1998a) details five major points of focus during emotion regulation: situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change, & response modification

79
Q

interaction-activation model

A

McClelland and Rmelhart

motivated by explaining word superiority effect

80
Q

cued recall

A

Waugh and Norman

they showed the item before it on a list as a probe or cue

81
Q

Explain the difference between dimensional and categorical models of emotion by reference to an example of each kind of model

A

Circumplex model- Russel (1980)

Categorical model- Ekman or Darwin

The circumplex model suggests emotions can occur across two dimensions; arousal and valence.
The categorical model has basic emotions.

82
Q

brain activity associated with task set reconfiguration

A
  • ERP cueing task where P saw a word made of blue or red letters and had to perform one of two tasks by pressing keys
  • either class words semantically or decide whether the colours are distributed symmetrically over the letter string
  • this is associated w the mental process of reconfigurating task set
83
Q

imaging task set inertia with fMRI

A

-the idea of task set inertia is that the organisation of cognitive processes we call task set tend to persist until youve one another task at least once, so the first time you perform a changined task there is still competition from the persisting set for the other task.

THis experiment is by Yeung et al where the stimuli were composits of a face and a word, and the tasks were to classify the words or the face

Performance was slower and less accurate on the first trial run when the task changed and this switch correlated with the activation of ht ebrain region selective for the stimulus property being switched away from.

84
Q

What happens to the brain to prioristise the processing of emotional stimuli

A
  • early prefrontal cortex response measured by EEG to fearful v neutal faces.
  • this suggests that the prefrontal cotrex is quickly activated by emotional stimuli
  • this suggests a relationship to rapid activation of prefrontal areas involved in the detection of emotionally significant events.
  • increased blood flow in the amygdala and visual cortex in response to visual emotional vs neutral stimuli
85
Q

Why are emotional events remembered more vividly than neutral ones

A

Hamman (2007) states that there is enhanced memory for positive and negative sciences which is associated with amygdala activity during encoding

increased amygdala activity means the brain pays more attention to the picture when encoding. this creates a stronger memory

86
Q

how do emotions bias decision ing?

A

Bechara and amasio’s Iowa gambling game

Bechara refers to hunches or gut feelings that bias decisios in the absense of awareness

87
Q

Prototype and exemplar effect

A

Prototype theory- a new stim ulus is compared to a single prototype in a category. Thr closer it is to it, the easier it is to classify.

The exemplar theory sughgests that a new stimulus is compared to multiple known exemplars in a category.

Posner and Keele created artificial stimuli using dot patterns. supporting prototype, they found ps encountered only the newly created instances but never the actual prototype but were still faster identifying it.

found support for exemplar too

cognitive (15 decks)

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