Intro to emotion

Question 1

What is an emotion

Answer 1

“A strong feeling deriving from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others; instinctive or intuitive feeling as distinguished from reasoning or knowledge.”

Question 2

what are the stages of emotional processing?

Answer 2

• regulation
• affective state
• appraisal
• stimulus presentation

(Phillips et al, 2003)

Question 3

What did Rottenberg define mood as compared to emotions

Answer 3

defines mood as “diffuse, slow-moving feeling states that are weakly tied to specific objects or situations”

emotions that are “quick-moving reactions that occur when organisms encounter meaningful stimuli that call for adaptive responses”.

Question 4

What did Darwin suggest about emotional expressions

Answer 4

Darwin suggested that emotional expressions were conserved across humans in different cultures and of different ages. Emotions evolved for their adaptive value in dealing with fundamental life tasks (and thus aid survival).

Question 5

What are the basic emotions Darwin suggested?

Answer 5

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

Question 6

Did Darwin believe emotions are innate

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

What are basic emotions

Answer 7

Basic emotions are innate neural and bodily states that are elicited rapidly and automatically in response to certain stimuli/stations. They should be universal (cross-culture and cross-species), automatic and have a discrete neural and/or bodily state associated with them.

Question 8

What did Ekman and Friesen demonstrate

Answer 8

certain emotions were exhibited with very specific display rules, culture-specific prescriptions about who can show which emotions to whom and when. These display rules could explain how cultural differences may conceal the universal effect of expression.

Question 9

what are the expanded basic emotions (Ekman)

Answer 9

Amusement, Contempt, Contentment, Embarrassment, Excitement, Guilt, Pride in achievement, Relief, Satisfaction, Sensory pleasure, and Shame.)

Question 10

What was the valence-asymmetry hypothesis (Davidson)

Answer 10

left-sided prefrontal cortex = approach-related (positive) goals

right-sided PFC = goals requiring inhibition and withdrawal (negative)

Question 11

What was the circumplex model (Russell)

Answer 11

But some negative emotions (e.g. Anger) can be associated with approach responses so more complex models such as this circumplex model have been proposed, with 2 axes / dimensions – arousal and valence. These have widespread support in contemporary psychology.

Question 12

What did Ekman find about emotion expression

Answer 12

• Do facial expressions reflect emotional experience?
• Participants watched movies (+ve and –ve)
• Self-reported their subjective experience (what emotions, and how intense)
• Their facial expressions while watching the movies were videotaped
• Coded using the FACS – Facial Action Coding System
• Participants who showed a particular smile movement (‘action unit 12’) reported more happiness
• Participants who showed more ‘negative’ facial movements reported more negative emotion

Early studies demonstrated that people’s expressions varied as a function of their emotional state. Studies measuring facial expressions explicitly use methods such as coding the expression and measuring muscle contractions using facial EMG.

Question 13

Who developed Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

Answer 13

ekmand & friesen

Question 14

what is FACS

Answer 14

anatomically-based system for describing all observable facial movement for every emotion.

Question 15

What is • Each observable component of facial movement is called

Answer 15

an action unit or AU

Question 16

What does FACE stand for

Answer 16

Facial Expression, Awareness, Compassion, Emotions

Question 17

WHat can MicroExpressions Training Tool (METT) do

Answer 17

can help individuals identify more subtle emotional expressions that occur when people try to suppress their emotions.

Question 18

What is METT used for

Answer 18

Application of this tool includes helping people with Asperger’s or autism recognize emotional expressions in their everyday interactions.

Question 19

METT and SETT have been shown to increase ….

Answer 19

accuracy in evaluating truthfulness

Question 20

What does the corrugator control

Answer 20

frowning

Question 21

what does the zygomatic control

Answer 21

smile

Question 22

How does EMG measure muscle activity

Answer 22

Typically EMG measures muscle activity by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical impulses that are generated by muscle fibres when they contract

Question 23

What did Kuneke et al (2014) find a positive correlation betwee

Answer 23

positive correlation between activity in the corrugator (frown) muscle and average emotion classification accuracy in response to angry (r = .322, p

Question 24

What did Fridlund argue

Answer 24

• Argues that facial expressions communicate motives, rather than emotion states

Question 25

What did hess et al argue

Answer 25

• Argues that facial expressions communicate motives, rather than emotion states

Question 26

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for...

Answer 26

vigorous “fight-or-flight” responses

Question 27

What is the James-Lange theory

Answer 27

Emotions = sets of bodily responses that occur in response to emotive stimuli Different patterns of bodily change code different emotions “The bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and our feeling of the changes as they occur is the emotion” (James, 1910)

Question 28

What is the Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 28

1) Emotions occurred even if brain disconnected from viscera (internal organs) 2) Bodily changes not emotion-specific 3) Bodily changes are too slow 4) Stimulation of bodily change doesn’t  emotions

Question 29

who does cannon-bard argue against

Answer 29

James

Question 30

what is Cholecystokinin CCK

Answer 30

a gastrointestinal peptide that can induce nausea and anxiety

Question 31

What is the Two-factor theory of emotion | Schachter and Singer (1962)

Answer 31

* Gave (misinformed) subjects adrenaline injections; resulting arousal / emotions were interpreted on basis of contextual cues (provided by stooges) * Emotion is a function of both cognitive factors (appraisal) and physiological arousal participants who had no explanation of why their body felt as it did, were more susceptible to the confederate.

Question 32

How did Lazarus investigate relational meaning?

Answer 32

* Emotions not caused by events in environment... * ...or by intra-psychic factors (i.e., within the individual)... * ...but by person-environment relationships that can change over time & circumstances * “What does this event mean to me?” * Emotion rooted in appraisal

Question 33

Where is emotions processed

Answer 33

limbic system

Question 34

What did MacLean propose

Answer 34

MacLean proposed that the limbic system (‘visceral brain’) integrates sensations from the world with information from the body to generate emotional experience.

Question 35

What is Papez- neural circuit of emotion

Answer 35

Sensory messages concerning emotional stimuli that arrive at the thalamus are directed to both the cortex (thinking) and hypothalamus (feeling). • Cingulate cortex projections to the hippocampus and hypothalamus mediate top-down control of emotional responses (

Question 36

What does the amgdala do

Answer 36

* Amygdala lesions in monkeys  changes in social behaviour (Kluver-Bucy Syndrome): Hyper-orality, social disinhibition, absence of emotional motor and vocal (e.g. fear) reactions * Lesions in humans result in emotional blunting and reduced fear conditioning, impaired perception of facial expressions of fear

Question 37

Who found the two amygdala pathways

Answer 37

leDoux

Question 38

What did LeDoux find

Answer 38

there is a “quick and dirty” subconscious route for fear stimuli to reach the amygdala • A second, slower (at least twice as slow) pathway travels from the thalamus to the visual cortex and then on to the amygdala

Question 39

What is different about people who carry the short (S) form of an allel

Answer 39

the short form (S) of an allele involved in the regulation of the serotonin transporter (the 5-HTTLPR) showed a greater amygdala response to negative emotional faces (fear and anger) compared to those carrying the long form

Question 40

what did Caspi find

Answer 40

Association between childhood maltreatment (between the ages of 3 and 11 years) and adult depression (ages 18 to 26) as a function of genotype Childhood stress predicted adult depression only among individuals carrying an s allele.

Question 41

What is the Orchid hypothesis?

Answer 41

If an s-allele carrier is raised in a positive, nurturing environment they will thrive but if in a negative, adverse environment they will be particularly negatively affected.

Question 42

what did Surguladze et al find

Answer 42

* Patients with anxiety and depression often show subtle changes in sensitivity to emotional expressions (emotional bias) compared with healthy people. * For example, depressed individuals may be less sensitive to positive expressions or more sensitive to negative expressions (negative emotional bias).

Question 43

What did Calder (200) and Adolphs (2003) show

Answer 43

that lesions on the anterior insula lead to deficits in the experience of disgust and recognizing facial expressions of disgust in others.[38][40] The patients also reported having reduced sensations of disgust themselves.

Question 44

What is FACS

Answer 44

facial coding system

Question 45

how does EMG work

Answer 45

electrodes put onto the skin. Muscle activity is measured when contracted * Reflects electrical field generated by muscle action potentials (MAPs) * Small portion conveyed to surface area via extracellular fluids to skin * Can also record invasively with subcutaneous needle electrodes.