Intro to emotion Flashcards
What is an emotion
“A strong feeling deriving from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others; instinctive or intuitive feeling as distinguished from reasoning or knowledge.”
what are the stages of emotional processing?
- regulation
- affective state
- appraisal
- stimulus presentation
(Phillips et al, 2003)
What did Rottenberg define mood as compared to emotions
defines mood as “diffuse, slow-moving feeling states that are weakly tied to specific objects or situations”
emotions that are “quick-moving reactions that occur when organisms encounter meaningful stimuli that call for adaptive responses”.
What did Darwin suggest about emotional expressions
Darwin suggested that emotional expressions were conserved across humans in different cultures and of different ages. Emotions evolved for their adaptive value in dealing with fundamental life tasks (and thus aid survival).
What are the basic emotions Darwin suggested?
Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise
Did Darwin believe emotions are innate
yes
What are basic emotions
Basic emotions are innate neural and bodily states that are elicited rapidly and automatically in response to certain stimuli/stations. They should be universal (cross-culture and cross-species), automatic and have a discrete neural and/or bodily state associated with them.
What did Ekman and Friesen demonstrate
certain emotions were exhibited with very specific display rules, culture-specific prescriptions about who can show which emotions to whom and when. These display rules could explain how cultural differences may conceal the universal effect of expression.
what are the expanded basic emotions (Ekman)
Amusement, Contempt, Contentment, Embarrassment, Excitement, Guilt, Pride in achievement, Relief, Satisfaction, Sensory pleasure, and Shame.)
What was the valence-asymmetry hypothesis (Davidson)
left-sided prefrontal cortex = approach-related (positive) goals
right-sided PFC = goals requiring inhibition and withdrawal (negative)
What was the circumplex model (Russell)
But some negative emotions (e.g. Anger) can be associated with approach responses so more complex models such as this circumplex model have been proposed, with 2 axes / dimensions – arousal and valence. These have widespread support in contemporary psychology.
What did Ekman find about emotion expression
- Do facial expressions reflect emotional experience?
- Participants watched movies (+ve and –ve)
- Self-reported their subjective experience (what emotions, and how intense)
- Their facial expressions while watching the movies were videotaped
- Coded using the FACS – Facial Action Coding System
- Participants who showed a particular smile movement (‘action unit 12’) reported more happiness
- Participants who showed more ‘negative’ facial movements reported more negative emotion
Early studies demonstrated that people’s expressions varied as a function of their emotional state. Studies measuring facial expressions explicitly use methods such as coding the expression and measuring muscle contractions using facial EMG.
Who developed Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
ekmand & friesen
what is FACS
anatomically-based system for describing all observable facial movement for every emotion.
What is • Each observable component of facial movement is called
an action unit or AU
What does FACE stand for
Facial Expression, Awareness, Compassion, Emotions
WHat can MicroExpressions Training Tool (METT) do
can help individuals identify more subtle emotional expressions that occur when people try to suppress their emotions.
What is METT used for
Application of this tool includes helping people with Asperger’s or autism recognize emotional expressions in their everyday interactions.
METT and SETT have been shown to increase ….
accuracy in evaluating truthfulness
What does the corrugator control
frowning
what does the zygomatic control
smile
How does EMG measure muscle activity
Typically EMG measures muscle activity by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical impulses that are generated by muscle fibres when they contract
What did Kuneke et al (2014) find a positive correlation betwee
positive correlation between activity in the corrugator (frown) muscle and average emotion classification accuracy in response to angry (r = .322, p
What did Fridlund argue
• Argues that facial expressions communicate motives, rather than emotion states
What did hess et al argue
• Argues that facial expressions communicate motives, rather than emotion states
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for…
vigorous “fight-or-flight” responses
What is the James-Lange theory
Emotions = sets of bodily responses that occur in response to emotive stimuli
Different patterns of bodily change code different emotions
“The bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and our feeling of the changes as they occur is the emotion” (James, 1910)
What is the Cannon-Bard theory
1) Emotions occurred even if brain disconnected from viscera (internal organs)
2) Bodily changes not emotion-specific
3) Bodily changes are too slow
4) Stimulation of bodily change doesn’t emotions
who does cannon-bard argue against
James
what is Cholecystokinin CCK
a gastrointestinal peptide that can induce nausea and anxiety
What is the Two-factor theory of emotion
Schachter and Singer (1962)
- Gave (misinformed) subjects adrenaline injections; resulting arousal / emotions were interpreted on basis of contextual cues (provided by stooges)
- Emotion is a function of both cognitive factors (appraisal) and physiological arousal
participants who had no explanation of why their body felt as it did, were more susceptible to the confederate.
How did Lazarus investigate relational meaning?
- Emotions not caused by events in environment…
- …or by intra-psychic factors (i.e., within the individual)…
- …but by person-environment relationships that can change over time & circumstances
- “What does this event mean to me?”
- Emotion rooted in appraisal
Where is emotions processed
limbic system
What did MacLean propose
MacLean proposed that the limbic system (‘visceral brain’) integrates sensations from the world with information from the body to generate emotional experience.
What is Papez- neural circuit of emotion
Sensory messages concerning emotional stimuli that arrive at the thalamus are directed to both the cortex (thinking) and hypothalamus (feeling).
• Cingulate cortex projections to the hippocampus and hypothalamus mediate top-down control of emotional responses (
What does the amgdala do
- Amygdala lesions in monkeys changes in social behaviour (Kluver-Bucy Syndrome): Hyper-orality, social disinhibition, absence of emotional motor and vocal (e.g. fear) reactions
- Lesions in humans result in emotional blunting and reduced fear conditioning, impaired perception of facial expressions of fear
Who found the two amygdala pathways
leDoux
What did LeDoux find
there is a “quick and dirty” subconscious route for fear stimuli to reach the amygdala
• A second, slower (at least twice as slow) pathway travels from the thalamus to the visual cortex and then on to the amygdala
What is different about people who carry the short (S) form of an allel
the short form (S) of an allele involved in the regulation of the serotonin transporter (the 5-HTTLPR) showed a greater amygdala response to negative emotional faces (fear and anger) compared to those carrying the long form
what did Caspi find
Association between childhood maltreatment (between the ages of 3 and 11 years) and adult depression (ages 18 to 26) as a function of genotype
Childhood stress predicted adult depression only among individuals carrying an s allele.
What is the Orchid hypothesis?
If an s-allele carrier is raised in a positive, nurturing environment they will thrive but if in a negative, adverse environment they will be particularly negatively affected.
what did Surguladze et al find
- Patients with anxiety and depression often show subtle changes in sensitivity to emotional expressions (emotional bias) compared with healthy people.
- For example, depressed individuals may be less sensitive to positive expressions or more sensitive to negative expressions (negative emotional bias).
What did Calder (200) and Adolphs (2003) show
that lesions on the anterior insula lead to deficits in the experience of disgust and recognizing facial expressions of disgust in others.[38][40] The patients also reported having reduced sensations of disgust themselves.
What is FACS
facial coding system
how does EMG work
electrodes put onto the skin. Muscle activity is measured when contracted
- Reflects electrical field generated by muscle action potentials (MAPs)
- Small portion conveyed to surface area via extracellular fluids to skin
- Can also record invasively with subcutaneous needle electrodes.
