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Bioscience > Remaining material for Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Remaining material for Unit 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A

Concentric and Eccentric contractions

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2
Q

Which of the following structures is apart of a parallel elastic component of a muscle?

  1. Titin
  2. Tendon
  3. Extracellular connective tissue
  4. Bone
A

Extracellular connective tissue

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3
Q

No ATP is extended in isometric contractions

  1. True
  2. False
A

Both isometric and isotonic contractions require ATP

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4
Q

Titin stretches between myosin and the Z-line

  1. True
  2. False
A

True

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5
Q

Isometric tension occurs at what velocity of contraction?

A

0

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6
Q

Recruitment varies with muscle tension

  1. True
  2. False
A

False- recruitment varies with muscle length, not tension!

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7
Q

Recruitment is least around the optimal length and greatest at shorter or longer lengths

  1. True
  2. False
A

True

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8
Q

Force-velocity curve is associated with what contractions?

  1. Isometric
  2. Isotonic
A

Isotonic

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9
Q

The relationship between force/tension and velocity of movement during concentric contraction are _______ proportional

  1. Directly
  2. Indirectly
A

Indirectly

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10
Q

Muscles produce the greatest force during which contraction?

  1. Isometric
  2. Concentric
  3. Eccentric
A

Eccentric

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11
Q

We move the same load faster not by increasing increasing recruitment but by increasing muscle tension:

  1. True
  2. False
A

False- we move the same load faster not by increasing muscle tension but by increasing recruitment

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12
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is highly used in an aerobic setting?

  1. Type 1
  2. Type 1 B
  3. Type 2 A
  4. Type 3 B
A

Type 1

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13
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is most quickly fatigued?

  1. Type 1
  2. Type 2 B
  3. Type 2 A
  4. Type 3 B
A

Type 2 B

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14
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has low mitochondrial content?

  1. Type 1
  2. Type 1 B
  3. Type 2 A
  4. Type 3 B
A

Type 2 A

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15
Q

Type 1 and type 2 A have many more capillaries than type 2 b

  1. True
  2. False
A

True because they are involved with aerobic functions

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16
Q

ATPase alkaline preincubation is used for histochemical technique fiber type identification to inhibit which fiber?

  1. Fast twitch
  2. Slow twitch
A

Slow twitch

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17
Q

Which of the following histochemical techniques are used to identify oxidative potential?

  1. H&E
  2. Dystrophia
  3. Ab to to type 2A myosin heavy chain
  4. SDH
A

SDH

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18
Q

The cross sectional areas of slow and fast twitch fibers found in the human body are based on genetics

  1. True
  2. False
A

True

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19
Q

Which of the following fibers are the last to be recruited?

  1. Type 1
  2. Type 2 A
  3. Type 2B
A

Type 2B

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20
Q

Larger cell bodies have a greater input resistance to synaptic input

  1. True
  2. False
A

False- smaller cell bodies have greater input resistance

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21
Q

Which of the following is not apart of aerobic ATP provision?

  1. Blood glucose/ muscle glycogen oxidation
  2. Free fatty acid oxidation
  3. Lactic Acid Oxidation
  4. Amino Acid oxidation
A

Lactic Acid Oxidation

22
Q

Peripheral nerve regeneration is dependent on the integrity of the connective tissue covering

  1. True
  2. False
A

True

23
Q

There is no degeneration or denervation with:

  1. Neurapraxia
  2. Axonotmesis
  3. Neurotmesis
A

Neurapraxia- only injury that does not include wallerian degeneration

24
Q

In which nerve injury is the connective tissue compromised?

  1. Neurapraxia
  2. Axonotmesis
  3. Neurotmesis
A

Neurotmesis

25
Q

This occurs when muscle is replaced with fat and connective tissue

  1. Necrosis
  2. Pseudohypertrophy
  3. Hypertrophy
  4. Fibrosis
A

Pseudohypertrophy

26
Q

What is the name of the bridging protein that sends contractile forces from the intracellular matrix to the extracellular matrix?

A

Dystrophin

27
Q

Which protease breaks down muscle fibers when there is an influx of calcium ions in the cells due to dystrophin damage?

A

Calpain

28
Q

How does MECHANICAL muscle damage occur with a dystrophin defect?

  1. Eccentric Contraction
  2. Concentric Contraction
  3. Isometric Contraction
A

Eccentric Contraction. Therefore, eccentric training is inappropriate.

29
Q

All of the following are ways in which dystrophin defects cause muscle injury except:

  1. Mechanically
  2. Ionically
  3. Calcium influx
  4. Ischemia
A

Ionically

30
Q

In the pathophysiology of DMD, what occurs right after the absence of dystrophin?

  1. Mechanical injury to muscle fibers
  2. Degeneration of fibers
  3. Loss of regenerative capacity
  4. Pseudohypertrophy
A

Mechanical injury to muscle fibers

31
Q

At what age do people with DMD lose ambulation?

  1. 5
  2. 10
  3. 15
  4. 17
A
  1. They usually become dependent of wheelchairs
32
Q

What is typically the cause of death in individuals with DMD?

A

Pneumonia

33
Q

What is the onset age of individuals with Becker Muscular Dystrophy?

  1. 5
  2. 10
  3. 12
  4. 14
A

12

34
Q

Which of the following is a disorder of the neuromuscular junction?

  1. Duschenne Muscular Dystrophy
  2. Becker Muscular Dystrophy
  3. Myasthenia Gravis
  4. none of the above
A

Myasthenia Gravis - acetylcholine receptors are the target of an immune response

35
Q

Men are more susceptible to myasthenia gravis than females

  1. True
  2. False
A

False- females are more susceptible. The onset age is between 20 and 30

36
Q

Which of the following is not a risk factor for myasthenia gravis?

  1. Pseudohypertrophy in calf
  2. abnormality in thymus
  3. diabetes
  4. immune disorder (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)
A

Pseudohypertrophy in calf

37
Q

All of the following are symptoms of myasthenia gravis except:

  1. Weakness/fatigue
  2. Diploplia
  3. Ptosis
  4. Diarrhea
  5. Difficulty in chewing and swallowing
  6. Diaphragm fatigue
A

Diarrhea

38
Q

Which of the following originates in the CNS

  1. Muscle Spasticity
  2. Muscle Spasm
A

Muscle Spasticity. Muscle spasm is associated with tissue injury (inflammatory & local)

39
Q

Which of the following drugs is an agonist of the Gaba-B receptors?

  1. Dantrium
  2. Tizanidine
  3. Botox
  4. Baclofen
A

Baclofen (although it is not specific, Gaba-A receptors cen also be agonized)

40
Q

How often does a baclofen pump need to be refilled and then replaced?

A

Refilled every 3 months, replaced every 3 to 7 years

41
Q

Overdose of baclofen can cause depression in all of the following except:

  1. Respiratory
  2. Digestive
  3. Cardiac
  4. Coma
A

Digestive

42
Q

Which of the following medicines used for muscle spasticity has affects on the musculoskeletal system and not the CNS?

  1. Dantrium
  2. Tizanidine
  3. Botox
  4. Baclofen
A

Dantrium

43
Q

Which of the following occurs with Dantrium?

  1. K+ channels open because of Gaba-B receptor, causing hyperpolarization
  2. Blocks Ca+ channels in SR, reducing muscle contractions
  3. Function is not clear
  4. Inhibits acteylcholine esterase
A

Blocks Ca+ channels in SR, reducing muscle contractions

44
Q

What organ can dantrium be toxic for?

  1. Heart
  2. Liver
  3. Spleen
  4. Lungs
A

Liver- hepathotoxicity (most common in women over 30)

45
Q

Which of the following drugs can also lower BP, reduce headaches and fibromyalgia?

  1. Dantrium
  2. Tizanidine
  3. Botox
  4. Baclofen
A

Tizanidine. Main function however is to agonize alpha 2 receptors, which inhibits spinal chord neurons in the reflex arcs of the spinal chord

46
Q

What happens with botox?

  1. agonize alpha 2 receptors
  2. Blocks Ca+ channels in SR, reducing muscle contractions
  3. Prevent motor neurons from releasing acetylcholine by impacting protein that acts in fusion of vesicle with the membrane
  4. No known affect
A

Prevent motor neurons from releasing acetylcholine by impacting protein that acts in fusion of vesicle with the membrane

47
Q

Which drug inhibits alpha motor neurons in the spinal chord?

  1. Dantrium
  2. Tizanidine
  3. Polysnaptic Inhibitors
  4. Baclofen
A

Polysynaptic Inhibitors

48
Q

Vertigo is associated with which drug?

  1. Dantrium
  2. Tizanidine
  3. Polysnaptic Inhibitors
  4. Baclofen
A

Polysynaptic inhibitor

49
Q

Which of the following is not a depolarizing neuromuscular junction blocker?

  1. Pancuronium
  2. Vecuronium
  3. Pavulon
  4. Succinylcholine
A

Succinylcholine

50
Q

Which is associated with flacid paralysis?

  1. Pancuronium
  2. Vecuronium
  3. Pavulon
  4. Succinylcholine
A

Succinylcholine

51
Q

Which common drug can cause issues with connective tissue, resulting in myopathies

  1. Alcohol
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Statins
  4. Colchicine
  5. Zidovudine (AZT)
A

Glucocorticoids

52
Q

Rhabdomyoloysis is the break down of:

A

muscle fibers and cells

Bioscience (6 decks)

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