Religion under Mary

Question 1

What were the Catholic leaders mentality?

Answer 1

Catholic leaders and writers wanted to inform not persuade- seeing heresy as a minor problem that a few burnings would solve- showing a misjudgment

Question 2

How did the leaders fail to take advantage of Propaganda?

Answer 2

Nothing was made of the debates between Pole (?) and Cramner (?) Government failed to realise the potential literacy and printing. Critical works outnumbered supportive publications by 2:1

Question 3

What tactics were used to persuade the public?

Answer 3

‘Dual Approach’ to restore Catholicism ‘Lost sheep’ mentality- they needed error of their ways to be pointed out Top Down Strategy The War of the Words Improve quality of the church

Question 4

What did the Top Down Strategies consist of?

Answer 4

Strong leadership of the church was deemed as vital. Encouraged regular visitations to check finance and discipline of the clergy. 12 decrees established in 1555 for all parish priests to put an end to abuses Clerical education. Pole was chancellor of Cambridge and Oxford to make a link between the uni and church

Question 5

Methods in the War of the Words?

Answer 5

Censorship policy in 1553- forbidding printing and seditious rumours Commission of all heresies At the end of the reign, possession of a treasonable book or slander towards Mary and Philip resulted in death.

Question 6

Failures of the War of the Words?

Answer 6

Lack of consistency in the prosecutions to prevent smugglers. Imprisoned writers helped circulate literature. Protestant books were published abroad.

Question 7

Positive actions in the religious persuasion

Answer 7

Numerous Sermons sponsored as St Paul Cross in London. Gardiner allowed reconstruction with Rome in 1554 Pro Government writers published tracts in defence of the regime

Question 8

Failures in the religious persuasion

Answer 8

Mary failed to cultivate the cure of the monarchy. Like her father she didn’t inspire intellects. Few advisors studied abroad and most printers were protestant who left England at accession. Failed to keep up with demands and less able to sell their works for readership results.

Question 9

When were heresy laws restored and trials and executions practiced?

Answer 9

December 1554 towards those who refused to accept the Catholic faith and practice

Question 10

Evidence of victims in the burnings? How was the burnings views?

Answer 10

Hooper was burnt alive for nearly 3/4 of an hour. The process up to the burnings were also lengthy and delayed- possibly due to the war with France. But protestants were seen as martyrs. Saw themselves as imitating Jesus.

Question 11

How were Martyrs treated by the crowds during the burnings?

Answer 11

Martyrs were supported by crowds in London as they were giving their life to a good cause. They would typically throw extra wood/ dynamite into the fire to speed up the death. They were popular for sympathisers

Question 12

Where were the Burnings?

Answer 12

Mainly saturated in London. But London was the safest haven for protestants for them in spite of presence of central government.

Question 13

What evidence do we have about the variations in opposition?

Answer 13

Apart from London, there was no evidence of strong reaction against the burnings.

Question 14

Overall statistics of the burnings?

Answer 14

280 burned in 46 months. 5 bishops, 51 women- mainly in south east. Nearly half in London, Canterbury and Colchester.

Question 15

What was part of the motivation for Marys zealotry?

Answer 15

Mary was strongly Catholic due to her dislike due to her mother and dislike of her father and actions.

Question 16

Who helped Mary?

Answer 16

Cardinal Pole was helpful with measures improving quality of Church. Her family and friends helped.

Question 17

Where did the idea for heresy come from?

Answer 17

Burnings were inspired by the Spanish Inquisition

Question 18

What could protestants do if they were wealthy?

Answer 18

If they could afford it they were Marian Exiles and if not they stayed under the radar.

Question 19

What was the significance of Cramner?

Answer 19

Cramner was the father protestant church The fact that he was both famous and old showed that no one is safe. Cramner didn’t expect execution. Cramner told people not to recant and burnt his hand in the flame first. John Foxe documented it in every detail to emphasise how unsettling the policy was

Question 20

What was the significance of Philip?

Answer 20

Philip told Mary not to burn as it would cause problems (proving that he was not to blame for the burnings, which the press suggested)

Question 21

How did Mary try to avoid the impressionable to watch?

Answer 21

Mary banned children and servant witnesses as didn’t want impressionable people watching.

Question 22

How did the burnings impact Mary?

Answer 22

They affected her reputation despite it being a tradition across Europe. As she was the first female, she was called ‘bloody Mary’

Question 23

Positives of Mary’s ‘carrot’?

Answer 23

Made churches pretty again which satisfied many. Persuaded toe commoners but was very expensive

Question 24

What difficulties did Mary face in trying to persuade her nobles and simultaneously please the Popes?

Answer 24

Difficulty persuading nobles (a fundamental) Wanted to return lands Henry gave to the nobles back to Church- visited Parliament but they denied. Pope was head of the Church, taking away a lot of Mary’s power. She argued with the Pope (Julius III) as she couldn’t return land and (Paul IV) as he was anti-Spanish, Philip and Cardinal Pole

Question 25

What key religious developments occurred in 1553?

Answer 25

Proclamations initially made to reassure to no compel changes to religion Key protestants were arrested Parliament refused to repeal Act of Supremacy Parliament passed Act of Repeal (undoing Edwardian reformation) Clerical celibacy and transubstantiation Mary gave up head of church

Question 26

How did Parliament take Mary’s leadership and religious reform in 1553?

Answer 26

Wasn’t accepted by parliament but many disliked women as head anyway

Question 27

What key religious developments occurred in 1554?

Answer 27

Mass exodus of Protestants to Germany and Switzerland Royal Injuctions issued, ordered bishops to suppress heresy, remove married clergy, re-ordain Parliament rejected heresy laws agreed former monastic land to be restored Excommunication lifted Second Act of Repeal- undid anti-papal legislations

Question 28

Who was deprived?

Answer 28

Gardiner deprived married priests of living for examples Norwich lost 243 posts for priests Deprived protestant bishops Archbishop of York replaced by Catholic

Question 29

What key religious developments occurred in 1555?

Answer 29

Bishop Bonner Books of Homilies- torturing protestants Mary appointed commission to consider refounding some of religious houses

Cramner deprived of the see of Cantebury Reginal Pole became Archbishop of Cantebury.

Question 30

What key religious developments occurred in 1556?

Answer 30

Twelve Decrees on Clerical discipline against abuses - absenteeism, pluralism, simony and heresy. Refoundation of House at Westminster

Question 31

What key religious developments occurred in 1557?

Answer 31

Refoundation of small religious houses. Pole recalled to Rome to answer charges of heresy. Many refused his permission to go and rejected him as legate.

Question 32

What key religious developments occurred in in 1558?

Answer 32

5 burnt in Cantebury, 300 executed in her reign. Mary and Pole die on the same day.

Question 33

How did Pole restrict the Catholic reformation?

Answer 33

Pole unfamiliar with the English realm Rejected help from the Jesuits in 1555 Didn’t give ecclesiastical policy full attention Overhaulling Church finance Relied on active involvement of the bishops Not enough time to make an impact Died the same day as Mary so couldn’t take on the role of restoring Catholicism.

Question 34

How did the Pope restrict the Catholic reformation?

Answer 34

Pope Julius III (supporter) died in March 1555 Pope Paul IV virtually anti-Hasburg and in dispute with Philip. In 1557, Pope Paul IV refused to confirm Marian appointments to vacant bishoprics- sour relationship with Pole.

Question 35

How did some bishoprics restrict the Catholic reform?

Answer 35

Edwardian bishop were still around by April 1554 Lengthly vacancies, especially in 1557

Question 36

So how Catholic was England in 1558?

Answer 36

Returned church to Rome but Protestant beliefs in England Cardinal Pole helped and his actions formed support from the council Successfully used parliament but had to bow to pressure of monastic lands Improved quality of the clergy and prevented abuses Didn’t maximise propaganda. Burnings were limited in effectiveness. Bloody Mary became a protestant propaganda. Cramner was a disastrous propaganda

Question 37

What type of religion had been re-establishes by Mary?

Answer 37

Anglo-Catholic

Question 38

Who returned to England in 1554?

Answer 38

Cardinal Pole

Question 39

When was the first burning and who was burnt?

Answer 39

February 1555 Hooper

Question 40

What proclamation was in place by 1558?

Answer 40

Death by Marshall Law if found with any property of heretical literature

Question 41

At what year had all Edwardian legislations been repealed?

Answer 41

1555