Northumberland Flashcards
How did Northumberland affirm his place in taking over from Somerset and differentiate himself from Somerset?
N took the upper hand by keeping the issues in court whilst Somerset pursued to military. Called himself President instead of Protector to avoid association with Somerset- proving that he listed
What were the main parts of his personality that reflected in his work?
Pragmatic Driven by personal ambition Survivalist instincts
What ultimately secured his place in power?
Prioritised highly the reorganisation of the Privy Council and Government Finances- securing his position
How did Northumberland treat Edward/ his policies?
He was careful to cultivate and close relationship with Edward Pursued policies that would guarantee to keep him in royal favour with Edward when he’d take power (e.g. moving to Protestantism)
What was Edwards factions like?
No evidence of inefficiency.
What policies did Northumberland change from Somerset’s leadership?
Didn’t continue anti-enclosure Commissioners were withdrawn Unpopular sheep tax was repealed in 1550 Existing enclosure legislations continued to be enforced 1547 Vagrancy Act never put in place
What were the new social policies that Northumberland put in place in his empowerment?
Provisional care of the disabled was retained alongside help for the unfortunate 1551 Northumberland government had taken action to control stocks of grain to relieve harvest failure New Treason Laws 1550s
What did Northumberland do with the Crown Lands and Chantry land to solve debts? How much did it raise?
Had to continued sale of Crown Lands and Chantry land (raising £100,000) but no longer contributed to the crowns ordinary income.
What did Northumberland do with Parliamentary tax to solve debts? How much did it raise?
Called in Parliamentary tax raising £336,000
What was Northumberlands governing style?
Geared closely to his personal political objectives- power motivated by instinct of survival. He organised the government and council to secure his position- staffing households with his own men who controlled access to Edward Accused for being two faced with religion
How did Northumberland use the Privy Council?
Used his own supporters to secure position Continued political dominance but also depended on the control of the council Lord President so he could have power to fix agendas and meetings to bar councillors
What religious issues did Northumberland inherit?
Most Catholic traditions had been attacked and destroyed. The moves to implement a radical protestant faith was slow. Rebellions defeats were triumphant and little opposition made to further change. Still factional struggle in the council between reformists and Catholic.
What issues did Northumberland initially face over the new ordinal?
New ordinal- January 1550 for ordinary priests Battle between Ridley and Cramner It was difficult for the Government for the government to impose as they hadn’t organised change and it had to go through parliament.
Who was Bishop Hooper and how did he cause difficulty in religous reform?
Bishop Hooper was dissatisfied over swearing of oath and needing to wear and surplice. He was then declined Bishop of Gloucester post and imprisoned for failure of preach. They came to a compromise and he returned.
How did Northumberland handle his religious critics in 1551?
Conservative governors like Gardiner were deprived of sees- giving reformists the majority among bishops
What religious acts or policies were passed in January 1552?
In January 1552, the government embarked on a large scale programme of Protestant reform New treason act occurred- making it an offence to question royal supremacy
What religious policies/ acts were passed in March 1552?
Second act of uniformity to further explain the issues in imposing the new religion
How did Northumberland start his Protestant reforms?
Deprived the conservative bishops (such as Gardiner), giving reformists a majority among bishops. So by January 1552, embarked on a large scale programme of protestant reform.
Acts passed in January 1552 to establish protestantism?
Treason Act. Made it an offence to question Royal supremacy/ any beliefs of the church. Second Act of Uniformity- further explaining issues imposing new religion
What religious reforms occurred in 1550?
In Jan 1550- Newly reformed ordinal (detailed ceremony followed by ordained clergy). Radical Protestant Hooper was outraged. Removed stone alters to wooden in November 1550
What religious reforms occurred in 1552?
Second Book of Prayer in January 1552- more radical, removing all traces of Catholicism- ‘fully reformed’ Second Uniformity Act enforcing a second book making it an offence not to attend church November = Black Rubric due to Edward feeling it was important 42 Articles issues but never became a law
What group did Northumberland expel in his Council?
Conservatives
What methods did Northumberland use to confirm legislation?
Parliament
What two things did Northumberland end by 1551?
War and Debasement
