Religion, Technology And a New Approach Flashcards
What was Marcel Duchamps view on art
I’m an artist, whatever I do is art. even a urinal/fountain
What are the two major approaches to historiography
internal and external
Define the internal approach to historiography
old approach. Scientists make discoveries without being influenced by social/external factors
Define the external approach to historiography
new approach. External social factors shape development of science/technology, no inborn genius or independent idea
What approach did Thomas Kuhn have towards the origins of modern science/technology? what book did he write?
- Internal approach
- Argued of no single revolution, small revolutions or “paradigm shifts”
- “The structure of scientific revolutions”
What was thomas kuhns order of flow of paradigm shifts
established science - normal science (puzzle solving process) - novelty/anomaly - crisis in established science - emergence of new paradigm - new normal science
What are two issues with Thomas Kuhn’s order of flow of paradigm shifts
- works for early part of scientific revolution, but no later
- Two established sciences can coexist even if they contradict (newton vs Einstein)
What approach did Robert Merton have towards the origins of modern science/technology? what work did he write?
- External approach
- scientific revolution caused by religion
- “puritanism and the Rise of Modern Science”
What did Robert Merton argue regarding protestantism and catholicism and science?
- protestants used science to make profits, catholics did not
- in protestantism being wealthy was valued
- in catholicism being poor was valued, jesus was poor
What approach did Edgar Zilsel have towards the origins of modern science/tech. what word did he write?
- External
- S.R started by craftsmen, like John Harrison
- ” the social origins of modern science”
What did Edgar Zilsel argue about craftsmen and the SR
Craftsmen started the SR
- Theory - how machines work
- experimentation - trial and error observation
- actual work/interaction with devices
What approach did Harold A. Innis have towards the origins of modern science and tech. what work did he write?
External
SR free access to knowledge/comms
“empire and communications”
What did Harold A innis argue was the catalys for access to knowledge and communication
Gutenberg printing press
Who were th “gate keepers” according to Harold A innis? why?
The catholic church. the would allow or disallow publications of texts
What approach did Herbert Butterfield have towards the origins of modern science and tech. what work did he write?
- internal
- said that medieval ages were falsely labeled as periods of decline
- “the origins of modern science”
what was Herbert Butterfields Primary Interest
- physics
What was herbert butterfields opinion on Nazi Germany? what repercussions did this have?
- punished too hard, allies in wrong. He was seen as a sympathizer
What marked the start of the S.R
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium by capernicus (heliocentrism)
Who was Nicolaus Copernicus and why was he important
Improved on Ptolemy’s heliocentric model. Started S.R
What was significant about Richard of Wallingford
invented astronomical clock. The universe acts as a machine
What was Nicholas Oresmes/desme view on clocks
god is the supreme watch maker
What did Galileo oppose and promote so openly
opposed Aristotle supported heliocentrism
What did galileo disprove about ancience scinces view of planets
disproved platos theory that planets were perfect spheres
What did galileo publish in 1610? what systems did this book go against? what did it support?
Starry Messanger, against aristotlian and Ptolemy
why was galileo never killed for heresy
close friend became pope
What did galileo publish in 1632?
Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems
What eventually happened to galileo for his heresey?
died in house arrest
What was galileos prof that the earth is moving around the sun?
saw that venus had phases. posidinius who discovered the moon orbits the earth by its phases
