Religion, Humanism, The Arts And Learning Flashcards
What religion was England’s population in Henry VII’s reign?
Roman Catholic
How many parish churches were there in England?
Around 8,000
How many monasteries were there in England?
Around 800
How did religion offer charity?
Through guilds and confraternities, voluntary associations of individuals created to promote works of Christian charity.
Word to describe the relationship between church and state?
Erastian - the view that the state should have authority over the church
Evidence that Henry VII respected papal authority?
Sought papal dispensation to marry Elizabeth of York
How many dioceses in England?
17 (e.g. Winchester, Durham)
Examples of churchmen exercising political power?
John Morton, Richard Fox
Evidence of the church’s integration within politics?
Abbots and bishops sat in the House of Lords, the title of Lord Chancellor was monopolised by clergymen.
Seven sacraments
Baptism, confirmation, marriage, anointing of the sick, penance, holy orders and the Eucharist
Transubstantiation
Belief that the bread and wine completely change into the blood and body of Christ during Mass
Example of Henry’s investment into religious buildings?
Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey - cost £14,000 to build
How many monks and nuns?
12,000
Function of parish churches
To spread and uphold Christian teaching, offer ways to acquire grace, reduce the time a soul spent in purgatory
Why did people leave money to the church in their wills?
To enhance worship, to ensure remembrance of the benefactor, to reduce amount of time the benefactor spent in purgatory
What were chantries?
Places where the soul of a patron was prayed for
Examples of work done by confraternities
Helping with funeral costs for members, paying chaplains for masses for their members, to make charitable donations
Example of pilgrimage destination
Shrine of St Thomas Becket
Most popular monastic order
Benedictines (others include Cistercians and Carthusians)
Orders of friars
Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians
Who founded lollardy?
John Wycliffe
When did lollardy emerge in England?
14th century
What was lollardy?
Alternative interpretation of Christianity which stressed the understanding of the bible and criticised practices of the church.
Punishment for heresy
Burning - introduced into English law in 1401
What was humanism?
Intellectual movement focused on rediscovery of original Latin and Greek texts
What was Christian humanism?
Humanist ideals applied to biblical texts
Contributors to humanism
Thomas More
Linacre and Grocyn
Erasmus
John Colet
Developments to education in Henry VII’s reign
53 new grammar schools founded between 1460-1509
The study of Latin became central to grammar school education
Lady Margaret Beaufort was a generous patron of Cambridge University and was responsible for the foundation of St John’s College and Christ’s College
(University education limited to Oxford and Cambridge)
Developments in art and architecture
Many new churches built in the gothic perpendicular style (e.g 1502 - Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey)
Developments in literature
New industry of printing began to grow (focused mainly on traditional medieval works like Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales or chivalric romances and adaptations of the saint’s lives)
Tastes began to change by 1509, when humanist influences reached England, particularly from Italy
Developments in drama
Traditional - e.g plays performed at feasts of Corpus Christi by the guilds of towns and cities like those in York, Lincoln, Wakefield and Coventry
Developments in music
Music underwent changes of the renaissance, with single line changes giving way to polyphonic choral music where different parts of the choir sang independent melodic lines
Can be seen by Eton choirbook, which contains 93 compositions from around 1503
Rise in secular music for entertainment
How many confraternities in London in the 15th century?
176
What was the core ethos of humanism?
It is possible to improve human knowledge and behaviour through education
How many ordained clergy were there?
35,000
How many people tried for heresy during Henry’s reign?
73 put on trial, 3 burned alive
What was the impact of humanism on the Catholic Church?
Humanists did not criticise Catholic principles, but rather abusive Catholic practices such as indulgences
How did Henry respond to criticism of the Church?
Both Lollardy and anticlericalism were driven underground during Henry’s reign, which won Henry the support of the Church
