Relations with Foreign Powers Flashcards
Aims
National security
Recognition and succession of the Tudor dynasty
Security of trade interests
Relations with Brittany
1487 - french invasion of Brittany
1489 - Henry summoned parliament to request extraordinary revenue for war against the French
1489 - treaty of Redon
By the time the English army went to Brittany, Anne had surrendered and married Charles of France
1492 - Henry launched invasion of France, which led to peace settlement (Etaples)
Henry’s motivations for intervening in Brittany
Sense of personal obligation
Wanted to challenge the control of France over sone areas in Europe
Treaty of Redon
Henry promised to defend Brittany and to send 6,000 troops (paid for by Anne) - only actually sent 3,000
How many troops did Henry invade France with in 1492?
26,000
Treaty of Etaples
Context - Henry’s invasion of France + Charles harbouring Perkin Warbeck
Charles VIII had to withdraw support for Perkin Warbeck, pay a pension to Henry (£159,000/£12,500 p.a for 15 years) and pay the cost of the invasion.
Henry had to withdraw troops from France (apart from Calais) and allow France to annex Brittany
Very advantageous treaty for England
Relations with Burgundy
Majority of English trade went through ports in Burgundy (Antwerp, Bruges) - very important for Henry to maintain peaceful relations.
Problem - Margaret of Burgundy - Yorkist
1493 - trade embargo over its support for Warbeck (hurt both sides - shows Henry prioritising his dynastic aims over his economic aims)
1496 - intercursus magnus re-established trade
1506 - intercursus malus/treaty of Windsor - never ratified
Relations with Spain
1489 - Treaty of Medina del Campo (agreed to support each other in armed conflict, agreed not to harbour rebels/pretenders, established marriage alliance)
1502 - death of Arthur
1504 - death of Isabella
1506 - Philip/Juana shipwrecked in England - Treaty of Windsor
Problem with medina del campo
Perkin Warbeck - issue for marriage negotiations
Marriage agreement not finalised until 1499 (eventually married in 1501)
Treaty of Windsor
Philip agreed to hand over Edmund de la Pole
(Intercursus Malus) - removed all duties from England’s textile exports without reciprocity and with very little compensation for Burgundy - never enforced
Relations with Scotland
1495 - granted Warbeck refuge
1496 - unsuccessful invasion of England
1497 - Treaty of Ayton - peace treaty
1498 - James IV revoked support for Perkin warbeck
1502 - Treaty of Perpetual Peace
1503 - marriage between James IV and Margaret Tudor
Relations with Ireland
Most powerful Irish lord (Earl of Kildare) supported Simnel in 1487
Sir Edward Poynings made Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1494 - establishes Poynings’ Law, which states that the Parliament of England can overrule that of Ireland
Ireland is tranquil for the rest of Henry’s reign
Aim - national security
Successes - began his FP with consolidating peaceful relationships with major European powers, negotiating peace with France and Scotland
Failures - England was invaded during his reign (Scotland and Warbeck) - (failed)
Aim - securing the Tudor dynasty
Successes - dynastic marriages (Arthur/Catherine, Margaret/James), got Edmund de la Pole handed back, managed to get several countries to withdraw support for Warbeck
Failures - deaths of Arthur and Liz of York (not in Henry’s control)
Aim - financial gain
Successes - Redon (Henry did not have to pay for troops), French pension from Etaples, negotiated large dowry for Catherine of Aragon
Failures - financially motivated rebellions
Aim - improving trade
Successes - initial trade treaty w/ Brittany, Intercursus Magnus, trade encouraged by Etaples and Medina del Campo
Failures - trade embargo, Intercursus Malus never enforced
What happened in FP in 1485?
Navigation Act - forbade English merchants loading goods onto foreign ships (unless no English ships available), English ships had to have a crew of at least 50% King’s subjects
What happened in FP in 1486?
Commercial treaty with France - removed all restrictions on Franco-English trade
Commercial treaty with Brittany
What happened in FP in 1487?
Treaty w/ the HRE to ensure better security of England
What happened in FP in 1489?
February - Treaty of Redon
February - Treaty of Dordrecht (failed - Max did not provide troops for Breton independence)
March 28th - Treaty of Medina del Campo
Commercial alliance with Portugal
Treaty of Medina del Campo
Ferdinand and Isabella recognised Henry as King
Ended trade restrictions
Catherine of Aragon promised to Prince Arthur
What happened in FP in 1490?
Commercial treaty with Florence - allowed English wool to be imported into Pisa
What happened in FP in 1492?
November - Treaty of Etaples (agreed to remove all troops from French soil, France to pay England £159,000)
What happened in FP in 1493?
Trade embargo on Burgundy to try to force Warbeck out
What happened in FP in 1495?
March - Holy League set up against France, pressuring England to get involved in European affairs
What happened in FP in 1496?
Intercursus Magnus - free trade deal with Burgundy
By 1509, England was exporting over half of the total cloth exports to Europe
Cloth production rose 60% between 1485-1509
What happened in 1497 in FP?
Treaty of Ayton - Scots stopped supporting Warbeck (first peace treaty with Scotland sice 1328)
What happened in 1501 in FP?
Marriage of Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
What happened in 1502 in FP?
Treaty of Perpetual Peace - ‘marriage of the thistle and the rose’
Death of Arthur
What happened in FP in 1504?
Isabella of Castille dies
What happened in FP in 1506?
Intercursus Malus - allowed English cloth to be exported without duty (never ratified due to this being far too generous to England)
Edmund de la Pole would be given back in return for Henry paying Philip £158,000
What happened in FP in 1508?
England isolated from European affairs due to exclusion from the League of Cambrai
