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AQA A Level History - Tudors (HVII) > Henry's government, judiciary and finance > Flashcards

Henry's government, judiciary and finance Flashcards

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1
Q

Important people

A

John Morton - Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Chancellor

Richard Fox - Bishop of Winchester, Lord Privy Seal

Sir Reginald Bray - Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

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2
Q

Role and structure of the King’s Council

A

Dealt with disputes between nobility as well as politically sensitive cases (e.g Lord Dudley brough before council for rioting)

Made up of gentry, churchmen and nobility

Small council - efficient

King sat in on important sessions

1497 - post of Lord President of the Council created to oversee when Henry was busy

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3
Q

Role and structure of the Great Council

A

Advised the King on important matters of foreign policy and internal security (e.g. authorised 1496 grant of £120,000 for war in Scotland)

Big council - around 200 people

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4
Q

Council Learned in Law

A

Dealt with fines and bonds and recognisances

Headed by Empson and Dudley

Ruthlessly efficient, hated by the nobility

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5
Q

Court of the Star Chamber

A

Introduced in 1487 with the aim to reestablish law and order after the Wars of the Roses

Acted as a court of appeal for victims of crime (e.g dealt with many cases of enclosure)

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6
Q

Local government

A

Henry tried to reassert royal authority in the counties by reintroducing sheriffs and JPs

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7
Q

Parliament

A

Henry VII didn’t use Parliament much - only 7 times in his reign, compared to 46 times under Edward IV

Recognised his entitlement to the throne, granted tonnage and poundage, passed Acts of Attainder, voted on taxes

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8
Q

Court of the King’s Bench

A

Highest and most important court in the kingdom and could override judgements by any other court

Mainly dealt with land disputes

Not very effective, met for no more than 3 months a year, 3 hours per day

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9
Q

Court of Chancery

A

Expanded under Henry VII

Dealt with contracts, land holding and interpreting wills

Cases assessed by one of the King’s ministers, asserting royal authority

Usually quick in decision making

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10
Q

The Assizes

A

Travelling criminal court held in each county once every six months

Very inefficient, cases could take years to be completed

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11
Q

Shire Courts

A

Run by JPs, held 4x a year

Main criminal courts under Henry VII

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12
Q

Manorial court

A

Local, low-level court settling civil matters like cattle wounding or damage to crops

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12
Q

JPs

A

About 18 per county, given more power by Henry VII

1487 - could grant bail to people awaiting trial

1495 - could vert juries and replace those they thought to be bribed

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12
Q

Regional councils

A

Council of the North - sat in York, headed by Reginald Bray

Council of Wales - ensured royal law upheld, headed by Jasper Tudor and Prince Arthur

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13
Q

How much money was Henry VII bringing in from his estates in 1486?

A

Only a little over £12,000 in comparison to Richard III’s £25,000

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14
Q

How did Henry reform his financial system from the end of 1487?

A

Restored the chamber system as the heart of financial administration.

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15
Q

What did Henry’s Privy Chamber deal with in terms of finance?

A

Transfer of revenue from crown lands, feudal dues, profits of justice and the French pension (from T of Etaples)

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16
Q

Treasurers of the Chamber under Henry VII

A

Sir Thomas Lovell (until 1492), then Sir John Heron

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17
Q

How did Henry VII use the Church as a source of revenue?

A

Gave Henry £25,000 at the start of his reign

Henry was able to sell off positions (e.g. Archdeaconry of Buckingham for £300)

When a bishop died, Henry could leave the position vacant for a while to take the revenue himself - got £6,000p.a from this

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18
Q

What were commissioned loans and how did Henry VII use them as a source of revenue?

A

Loans usually collected from the nobility.

Henry borrowed approximately £203,000 from nobles during his reign.

19
Q

How did Henry use customs duties as a source of revenue?

A

Tonnage and poundage granted in first Parliament

Henry got around £40,000p.a. for this (however, EdIV got £70,000 - not really Henry’s fault as there was an increase in smuggling in this period)

20
Q

How did Henry VII use benevolences as a source of revenue?

A

Forced loans from nobility to the king.

e.g. 1491 - Henry raised £48,000 in benevolences due to war w/ France

21
Q

How did Henry use wardships as a source of revenue?

A

Took payment from inheritance, could sell wardship, when the child becomes an adult, they have to pay the king to recover their coat of arms/livery

22
Q

How did Henry use special feudal tax?

A

Tax paid by nobles on special occasions

e.g. nobles paid £30,000 when Prince Arthur was knighted in 1489

23
Q

Effect of 1486 Act of Resumption

A

Rents from crown land increased from £29,000 in 1485 to £42,000 in 1509

24
Q

How did Henry use controlling marriages as a source of revenue?

A

Katherine, dowager Duchess of Buckingham, fined £7,000 for remarrying without the King’s permission

25
Q

Examples of profits from the legal system?

A

Earl of Northumberland fined £10,000 for rape charge

In aftermath of Cornish rebellion, Cornwall, Devon and Somerset fined £15,000

26
Q

Example of bond and recognisance?

A

Thomas Grey signed recognisance for £1,000

36/62 noble families signed these

27
Q

Overall (annual) crown income by 1509?

A

around £113,000

comparatively, the King of France got around £800,000 per year

28
Q

How much revenue was there from crown land by the end of Henry’s reign?

A

£40,000 (compared to £12,000 at start of reign)

29
Q

What lands were part of Henry’s crown lands?

A

All lands of the Houses of Lancaster and York, Earldoms of Richmond, March and Warwick and the Principality of Wales

Annual income rose from £29,000 in 1485 to £42,000 in 1509

30
Q

Who was appointed Master of the King’s Wards?

A

Sir John Hussey

Wardship income subsequently rose from £350 in 1487 to £6,000 in 1507

31
Q

How much did Henry’s income from customs duties rise in his reign?

A

From £33,000 to £40,000

32
Q

Example of profits from illegal retaining (incl in profits from justice)

A

1507 - Lord Burgavenny fined £70,450 for retaining 471 men

33
Q

How much did receipts of bonds and recognisances rise?

A

£3,000 in 1493 to £35,000 in 1505

34
Q

Example of profit from parliamentary taxation?

A

Gross yield from a tax of fifteenths and tenths was around £31,000 throughout the reign

Special taxes for wars in Brittany and Scotland caused 2 rebellions

35
Q

Example of a clerical gift?

A

£25,000 as a gift from the convocation for the war with France

36
Q

Income from the French pension?

A

£159,000/750,000 crowns

37
Q

How many times did Parliament meet?

A

7 times in the whole reign (5 times in the first 10 years - shows Henry used Parliament to consolidate control but gradually stopped relying on them)

38
Q

What happened in Henry’s first Parliament?

A

Nov 7th 1485 - passed 28 acts of attainder, granted tonnage and poundage, Act of Resumption passed at the end of this Parliament

39
Q

Examples of Parliament defying Henry’s wishes?

A

1504 - only granted £40,000 of the £90,000 Henry had requested in taxation

40
Q

What was set up after Stanley’s betrayal to make access to the King more difficult?

A

the Privy Chamber

41
Q

How many councillors on the Great Council?

A

227 (around 50% of which were clerics)

42
Q

Examples of appointments to the King’s Council for loyal service?

A

Earl of Oxford made Great Chamberlain

Thomas Howard made Lord Treasurer in 1501

43
Q

What other small committees were set up

A

Committee to implement Acts of Livery

Council of General Surveyors (who audited the revenue from crown lands)

44
Q

How was Ireland governed?

A

Irish chieftains ruled most of Ireland (English influence strongest in the Pale)

Earl of Kildare (one of the most important Irish nobles) stripped of the title of Lord Deputy in 1492

Sir Edward Poynings made Lord Deputy in 1494 - set up Poynings’ Law, which gave much more authority to the Crown

However, expense of ruling Ireland was too high, so Henry reinstated Kildare as Lord Deputy

45
Q

What was the role of sheriffs in Henry’s England?

A

Managed Parliamentary elections

Used for peacekeeping and the detention of criminals

46
Q

How much did his income increase in total?

A

52000 –> 142000

AQA A Level History - Tudors (HVII) (9 decks)

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