Religion and Ethics keywords Flashcards
Natural Law-
what does Deontological mean?
form the latin for ‘duty’, ethics focused on the intrinsic rightness and wrongness of actions
Natural Law-
what is Telos?
the end, or purose, of something
Natural law-
What is Natural Law?
a deontological theory based on behaviour that accords with given laws or moral rules (e.g.- given by God) that exist independantly of human societies and systems
Natural law-
What is Synderisis?
to follow the good and avoid the evil, the rule which all precepts follow
Natural law-
What are secondary precepts?
the laws which follow from primary precepts
Natural law-
What are primary precepts?
the most important rules in life which are: to protect life, to reproduce, to live in community, to teach the young and to believe God
Natural law-
What is Practical Reason?
the tool which makes moral decisions
Natural law-
What is Eudaimonia?
living well, as an ultimate end in life which all other actions should lead towards.
Sit ethics-
What is Justice? in terms of Situation Ethics
justice ordinarily refers to notions of fair distribution of benefits for all. Fletcher specifically sees justice as a kind of tough love; love applied to the world.
Sit ethics-
What is pragmatism?
acting, in moral situations, in a way that is practical, rather than pure ideologically.
Sit ethics-
What is relativism?
the rejection of absoloute moral standards, such as laws or rights. Good and bad are realative to an indiivdual or a commuinity or, in Fletcher’s case, to love.
Sit ethics-
What is positivism?
proposes something as true or good without demonstrating it. Fletcher positis love as good.
Sit ethics-
What is personalism?
ethics centered on people, rather than laws or objects.
Sit ethics-
What is conscience?
may be refered to as a faculty within us, described by Fletcher as a function instead of a faculty
Sit ethics-
What is telological ethics?
moral goodness is determined by the end or the result
Sit ethics-
What is legalistic ethics?
law-based moral decision-making
Sit ethics-
What is antimonian ethics?
antimonian ethics do not recognise the role of law in morality (‘nomos’ is greek for ‘law’)
Sit ethics-
what is situational ethics?
another term for situation ethics, ethics focused on the situation, rather than fixed rules
Sit ethics-
what is agape love?
uncondtional love, the only ethcial norm is situationalism
Sit ethics-
what is extrinsically good?
good defined with reference to the end rather than good in and of itself. Fletcher argued only love was intrinsically good.
Utilitarianism-
What is the principle of Utility?
the idea that the choice that brings about the greatest good for the greatest number is the right choice
Utilitarianism-
What is deontological?
from the latin for ‘duty’, ethics focused on the intrinsic rightness or wrongness of actions
Utilitarianism-
What is Telological?
looking to the end results (telos) in order to draw a conclusion about what is right or wrong
Utilitarianism-
What is the Headonic Calculs?
tehsystem for calculating the amount of pain or pleasure generated
Utilitarianism-
What is concsequentialism?
ethical theories that see morlaity driven by the consequences, rather than actions or character of those concerned
Utilitarianism-
What is Hedonistic?
pleasure-driven
Utilitarianism-
What is Quantitive?
focused on quantity (how many, how big, etc.)
Utilitarianism-
What is Qualitive?
focused on Quality (what kind of thing)
Utilitarianism-
What is Act Utilitarianism?
weighs up what to do at each individual occasion, usually associated with Jeremy Bentham.
Utilitarianism-
What is Rule Utilitarianism?
weighs up what to do in principle in all occasions of a certain kind, usually associated with John Stuart Mill.
Kantian-
What is Moral Law?
binding moral obligations
Kantian-
What is Maxims
another word for moral rules, determined by reason.
Kantian-
What is duty?
duties are created by the moral law, to follow it is our duty. The world deontological means duty-based.
Kantian-
What is summum bonum?
the highest, most supreme good
Kantian-
What is Good will?
a person of good will is a person who makes decisions according to the moral law
Kantian-
What is the Categorical Imperative?
an unconditional moral obligation that is always binding irrespective of a person’s inclination or purpose.
Kantian-
what is the Hypothetical Imperative?
a moral obligation that applies only if one desires the implied goal
Kantian-
What is the Kingdom of ends?
an imagined future in which all people act in accordance to the moral law, the categorical imperative
Euthanasia-
What is a Non Treatment Decision?
The decision medical professionals make to withold or withdraw medical treatment or life support that is keeping a person alive because they are not going to get better, or because the person asks them to. Controversially, it is also sometimes called passive euthanasia.
Euthanasia-
What is active euthanasia?
A deliberate action performed by a third party to kill a person, for example, by lethal injection. Active Euthanasia is illegal in the UK.
Euthanasia-
What is sanctity of life?
The idea that life is intrinsically sacred or has such worth that it is not considered within the power of a human beings.
Euthanasia-
What is quality of life?
A way of weighing the extrinsic expeirence of life, that affects or justifies whether or not it is worth continuing life
Euthanasia-
What is personhood?
The quality of human life that makes it worthy- usually linked to certain higher capacities.
Euthanasia-
What is autonomy and the right to die?
The idea that human freedom should extend to decide the time and manner of death
Euthanasia-
What is voluntary euthanasia?
This applies when a person’s life is ended painlessly by a third party at their own request
Euthanasia-
What is non-voluntary euthanasia?
This applies when a person is unable to express their wish to die but there are reasonable grounds for ending their life painlessly, for example, it a person cannot communicate but is in extreme pain.
Euthanasia-
What is dignity?
The worth or quality of life, which can be linked to a sanctity or freedom
Euthanasia-
What is palliative care?
End-of-life care to make the person’s remaining moments of life as comfortable as possible.
Euthanasia-
What is involuntary euthanasia?
Where a person is killed against their wishes, for example when disabled people were killed by Nazi doctors.
Business ethics-
What is capitalism?
An economic system based on the private ownership of how thigns are made and sold, in which businesses compete freely with each other to make profits.
Business ethics-
What is a shareholder?
A person who has invested money in a business in return for a share of the profits
Business ethics-
What is corporate social responsability?
A sense that businesses have wider responsabilities than simply their shareholders, including the communities they live and work in and to the environment
Business ethics-
What is whistle-blowing?
When an employee discloses wrongdoing to the employer or the public
Business ethics-
What is globalisation?
The integration of economies, industries, markets, cultures and policymaking around the world
Business ethics-
What is a stakeholder?
A person who is affected or involved in some form of relationship with a business
Business ethics-
What is consumerism?
A set of social beliefs that put a high value on acquiring matieral things
