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Philosophy and Ethics > Religion and Ethics keywords > Flashcards

Religion and Ethics keywords Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Law-
what does Deontological mean?

A

form the latin for ‘duty’, ethics focused on the intrinsic rightness and wrongness of actions

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2
Q

Natural Law-
what is Telos?

A

the end, or purose, of something

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3
Q

Natural law-
What is Natural Law?

A

a deontological theory based on behaviour that accords with given laws or moral rules (e.g.- given by God) that exist independantly of human societies and systems

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4
Q

Natural law-
What is Synderisis?

A

to follow the good and avoid the evil, the rule which all precepts follow

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5
Q

Natural law-
What are secondary precepts?

A

the laws which follow from primary precepts

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6
Q

Natural law-
What are primary precepts?

A

the most important rules in life which are: to protect life, to reproduce, to live in community, to teach the young and to believe God

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7
Q

Natural law-
What is Practical Reason?

A

the tool which makes moral decisions

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8
Q

Natural law-
What is Eudaimonia?

A

living well, as an ultimate end in life which all other actions should lead towards.

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9
Q

Sit ethics-
What is Justice? in terms of Situation Ethics

A

justice ordinarily refers to notions of fair distribution of benefits for all. Fletcher specifically sees justice as a kind of tough love; love applied to the world.

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10
Q

Sit ethics-
What is pragmatism?

A

acting, in moral situations, in a way that is practical, rather than pure ideologically.

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11
Q

Sit ethics-
What is relativism?

A

the rejection of absoloute moral standards, such as laws or rights. Good and bad are realative to an indiivdual or a commuinity or, in Fletcher’s case, to love.

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12
Q

Sit ethics-
What is positivism?

A

proposes something as true or good without demonstrating it. Fletcher positis love as good.

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13
Q

Sit ethics-
What is personalism?

A

ethics centered on people, rather than laws or objects.

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14
Q

Sit ethics-
What is conscience?

A

may be refered to as a faculty within us, described by Fletcher as a function instead of a faculty

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15
Q

Sit ethics-
What is telological ethics?

A

moral goodness is determined by the end or the result

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16
Q

Sit ethics-
What is legalistic ethics?

A

law-based moral decision-making

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17
Q

Sit ethics-
What is antimonian ethics?

A

antimonian ethics do not recognise the role of law in morality (‘nomos’ is greek for ‘law’)

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18
Q

Sit ethics-
what is situational ethics?

A

another term for situation ethics, ethics focused on the situation, rather than fixed rules

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19
Q

Sit ethics-
what is agape love?

A

uncondtional love, the only ethcial norm is situationalism

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20
Q

Sit ethics-
what is extrinsically good?

A

good defined with reference to the end rather than good in and of itself. Fletcher argued only love was intrinsically good.

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21
Q

Utilitarianism-
What is the principle of Utility?

A

the idea that the choice that brings about the greatest good for the greatest number is the right choice

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22
Q

Utilitarianism-
What is deontological?

A

from the latin for ‘duty’, ethics focused on the intrinsic rightness or wrongness of actions

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23
Q

Utilitarianism-
What is Telological?

A

looking to the end results (telos) in order to draw a conclusion about what is right or wrong

24
Q

Utilitarianism-
What is the Headonic Calculs?

A

tehsystem for calculating the amount of pain or pleasure generated

25
Q

Utilitarianism-
What is concsequentialism?

A

ethical theories that see morlaity driven by the consequences, rather than actions or character of those concerned

26
Q

Utilitarianism-
What is Hedonistic?

A

pleasure-driven

27
Q

Utilitarianism-
What is Quantitive?

A

focused on quantity (how many, how big, etc.)

28
Q

Utilitarianism-
What is Qualitive?

A

focused on Quality (what kind of thing)

29
Q

Utilitarianism-
What is Act Utilitarianism?

A

weighs up what to do at each individual occasion, usually associated with Jeremy Bentham.

30
Q

Utilitarianism-
What is Rule Utilitarianism?

A

weighs up what to do in principle in all occasions of a certain kind, usually associated with John Stuart Mill.

31
Q

Kantian-
What is Moral Law?

A

binding moral obligations

32
Q

Kantian-
What is Maxims

A

another word for moral rules, determined by reason.

33
Q

Kantian-
What is duty?

A

duties are created by the moral law, to follow it is our duty. The world deontological means duty-based.

34
Q

Kantian-
What is summum bonum?

A

the highest, most supreme good

35
Q

Kantian-
What is Good will?

A

a person of good will is a person who makes decisions according to the moral law

36
Q

Kantian-
What is the Categorical Imperative?

A

an unconditional moral obligation that is always binding irrespective of a person’s inclination or purpose.

37
Q

Kantian-
what is the Hypothetical Imperative?

A

a moral obligation that applies only if one desires the implied goal

38
Q

Kantian-
What is the Kingdom of ends?

A

an imagined future in which all people act in accordance to the moral law, the categorical imperative

39
Q

Euthanasia-
What is a Non Treatment Decision?

A

The decision medical professionals make to withold or withdraw medical treatment or life support that is keeping a person alive because they are not going to get better, or because the person asks them to. Controversially, it is also sometimes called passive euthanasia.

40
Q

Euthanasia-
What is active euthanasia?

A

A deliberate action performed by a third party to kill a person, for example, by lethal injection. Active Euthanasia is illegal in the UK.

41
Q

Euthanasia-
What is sanctity of life?

A

The idea that life is intrinsically sacred or has such worth that it is not considered within the power of a human beings.

42
Q

Euthanasia-
What is quality of life?

A

A way of weighing the extrinsic expeirence of life, that affects or justifies whether or not it is worth continuing life

43
Q

Euthanasia-
What is personhood?

A

The quality of human life that makes it worthy- usually linked to certain higher capacities.

44
Q

Euthanasia-
What is autonomy and the right to die?

A

The idea that human freedom should extend to decide the time and manner of death

45
Q

Euthanasia-
What is voluntary euthanasia?

A

This applies when a person’s life is ended painlessly by a third party at their own request

46
Q

Euthanasia-
What is non-voluntary euthanasia?

A

This applies when a person is unable to express their wish to die but there are reasonable grounds for ending their life painlessly, for example, it a person cannot communicate but is in extreme pain.

47
Q

Euthanasia-
What is dignity?

A

The worth or quality of life, which can be linked to a sanctity or freedom

48
Q

Euthanasia-
What is palliative care?

A

End-of-life care to make the person’s remaining moments of life as comfortable as possible.

49
Q

Euthanasia-
What is involuntary euthanasia?

A

Where a person is killed against their wishes, for example when disabled people were killed by Nazi doctors.

50
Q

Business ethics-
What is capitalism?

A

An economic system based on the private ownership of how thigns are made and sold, in which businesses compete freely with each other to make profits.

51
Q

Business ethics-
What is a shareholder?

A

A person who has invested money in a business in return for a share of the profits

52
Q

Business ethics-
What is corporate social responsability?

A

A sense that businesses have wider responsabilities than simply their shareholders, including the communities they live and work in and to the environment

53
Q

Business ethics-
What is whistle-blowing?

A

When an employee discloses wrongdoing to the employer or the public

54
Q

Business ethics-
What is globalisation?

A

The integration of economies, industries, markets, cultures and policymaking around the world

55
Q

Business ethics-
What is a stakeholder?

A

A person who is affected or involved in some form of relationship with a business

56
Q

Business ethics-
What is consumerism?

A

A set of social beliefs that put a high value on acquiring matieral things

Philosophy and Ethics (20 decks)

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