Reliability of Memory Flashcards
Define • Recall
reproducing information by drawing it into your conscious awareness
What are the 3 types of recall
o Free recall
o Serial recall
o Cued recall
Define • o Free recall
reproducing as much information as possible, without order & no cues
Define o Serial recall
reproducing information in order
Define o Cued recall
using cues to retrieve information
Define • Recognition
identifying originally learned information when we see it
Define • Relearning
learning information again, that is partly already stored in long term memory, requiring less effort and time
What is the formula of savings
(2^ND time-1^ST time)/(2^ND time) ×100
Define Memory reconstruction
tendency to combine stored information with other things (knowledge, personal experiences, values, cues, expectations and assumptions) to create a memory that makes sense
What is the experiment for memory reconstruction
(Elizabeth) Loftus
What did (Elizabeth) Loftus’s study involve
• Created many studies investigating the presence of leading questions affecting memory through reconstructive memory
Define • Forgetting
inability to access or recover something previously stored in memory
Define • Availability (memories)
if information is stored in memory
Define Accessible (memories)
if information can be recovered from memory & brought into conscious awareness (at a specific time/place)
Define • Retrieval cue (memories)
stimulus that helps locate & recover information stored in memory
Define • Context dependent cues
environmental cues in specific situation (context), where a memory was formed, acting as a retrieval cue to help access memories formed in that context
Define • State dependent cues
internal (psychological/physiological) cues related to a specific experience, that may trigger the retrieval of associated memories
Define • Rehearsal
process of consciously manipulating information to keep it in the short-term memory, to transfer to long-term memory/to aid in storage & retrieval
Define Maintenance rehearsal
repeating information being remembered over & over again to retain it
Define Elaborative rehearsal
(better) linking new information to old in meaningful way, making it much easier to retrieve
Define Self-reference effect
relating new information to personal experiences
Define Serial position effect
finding that free recall is better for items at the beginning & end of the list rather than for items in the middle of the list
Define • Primary effect
superior recall of items at the beginning of a list
Define Recency effect
superior recall of items at the end of a list
Define • Brain trauma
brain injury that impairs the normal functioning of the brain
Define • Neurodegenerative disease
progressive decline in the structure, activity & function of the brain tissues (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease)
Define • Amnesia
memory loss, inconsistent with ordinary forgetting
Define o Anterograde amnesia
(after) – loss of the ability to store new long-term memories after the trauma
What would injury to the • Hippocampus result in?
inability to form episodic memories
What would injury to the • Amygdala result in?
inability to store emotional aspects of memories
What would injury to the • Cerebral cortex result in?
loss of some long-term memories
What would injury to the • Cerebellum result in?
loss of classically conditioned memories
Define • Alzheimer’s disease
widespread & degenerative affecting the rains neurons causing gradual loss of memories and function as a whole
What occurs in the brain with Alzheimer’s disease
• Neurofibrillary tangles & amyloid plaques occur
o Makes neurotransmission less efficient & effective
• Reduced level of ACH is found
