Conciousness/Sleep Flashcards
Define conciousness
awareness of sensations, mental experiences, own existence and also external objects and events
What are the characteristics for consciousness
o Personal – consciousness is subjective
o Selective – Different things to be aware of
o Changing – changes depending on experience
o Continuous – exists and doesn’t ed
Define Normal waking consciousness (NWC)
being awake and aware of our thoughts, feelings, memories, and sensations experienced
Define Altered state of consciousness (ASC)
different to NWC in terms of awareness, thoughts, feelings, memories, and sensations experienced
What are the 2 types of attention
Selective and divided
Define attention
focusing mental activity on a specific stimulus
Define Selective attention
focusing on certain stimuli while ignoring others
Define Divided attention
ability to distribute one’s attention and undertake two or more activities simultaneously
What are the 3 categories of ways to measure conciousness
o Lab measurement devices
o Self-reporting
o Video monitoring
What do lab measurement devices do
Detect, amplify and record electrical activity (DARE)
What are the 3 lab measurement devices
- Electroencephalograph (EEG)
- Electromyograph (EMG)
- Electro-Oculograph (EOG)
What does EEG stand for and what does it measure
Electroencephalograph measures brain activity
What does EMG stand for and what does it measure
Electromyograph measures muscular activity
What does EOG stand for and what does it measure
Electro-Oculograph measures eye movements
When are beta wave seen
alert, concentrating &and learning
When are alpha wave seen
relaxation
When are theta wave seen
meditation and dreaming
When are delta wave seen
deep sleep (dreamless)
Characteristics of beta waves
low amplitude and high frequency
Characteristics of alpha waves
high amplitude and low frequency
Characteristics of theta waves
high amplitude and low frequency
Characteristics of delta waves
high amplitude and low frequency
What is the main form of self-reporting and define
Sleep diaries – a form of subjective self-reporting, used alongside lab testing
What does video monitoring look for
Monitors changes in position/body position and other observations (such as sleep walking)
Define Controlled processes
requires high concentration and selective attention (e.g. abseiling)
Define Automatic processes
little awareness and mental effort, not interfering with other tasks
How does content limitation differ between NWC and ASC
NWC:
• Limited in type and amount
• Few bizar thoughts
ASC:
• Can be inappropriate and offensive
• content not limited
How does perceptual distortions differ between NWC and ASC
NWC:
• perception is clear
• sensations reflect reality
ASC:
• Perception dulled or heightened
How does cognitive distortions differ between NWC and ASC
NWC:
• Cognition organised and logical
• Memory works
• Critical thinking works
ASC:
• Cognition not organised and logical
• Memory doesn’t work
How does emotional awearness differ between NWC and ASC
NWC:
• Appropriate emotions
ASC:
• Inappropriate/dulled/heightened emotions
How does self-control differ between NWC and ASC
NWC:
• Awear of self
• Control of behaviour
ASC:
• Self-control increased or decreased
How does time orientation differ between NWC and ASC
NWC:
• Time perception accurate
ASC:
• Time perception distorted
What is a drug
substance that changes physical/mental functioning (e.g. influencing neurotransmitters or receptors)
Define stimulant
increase activity in CNS, alter and activating effect (increased brainwave frequency)
What does a stimulus do to brain waves
Increases beta wave activity
Define depressants
decrease activity in CNS & body (calms & relaxes)
What do depressants do to brain waves
Increases delta, alpha, theta wave activity
How many hours of sleep = 0.05 BAC
17 hours
How many hours of sleep = 0.10 BAC
25 hours
What BAC = 17 hours of sleep
0.05 BAC
What BAC = 25 hours of sleep
0.10 BAC
Define sleep
reversable state of perceptual disengagement from and unresponsiveness to the environment
Define Biological rhythms
cyclic changes to bodily functions/activities with the same time and same order
Define Circadian rhythm
biological rhythm involving change in bodily functions and activities over a cycle of 24 hours
What does melatonin cause
causes sleepiness (reducing alertness)
Define Ultradian rhythm
changes in bodily functions that occur as part of a cycle shorter than 23 hours
Define Sleep cycle
period of NREM sleep and REM sleep occurring within a sleep episode
Define Sleep episode
sleep period starting with onset and ending with final awakening (with one or more sleep cycles within)
What are the characteristics of light NREM sleep
- Easily awoken
- Lower heart rate, respiration and body temp
- Decreases muscle tension
- Slow eye movements (may occur)
- Irregular theta waves are seen before replacing alpha waves
What are the characteristics of deep NREM sleep
- Hard to wake up
- Lowest heart rate, respiration and body temp
- Muscles completely relaxed and barely move
- Minimal eye movements
- Delta waves are seen
- Less frequent, structured and less likely to be recalled dreams occur
What are the characteristics of REM sleep
- Variable arousal threshold
- Faster and more irregular heart rate and breathing
- Muscles paralysed (except for twitching in face, toes and fingers)
- Rapid eye movements occur (beneath closed eyelids)
- Brain waves appear like normal wakefulness (rapid, irregular, mixed frequency)
- Dreaming occurs in REM sleep which are vivid and structured
Define Restoration theory
‘time out’ to help recover from depleting activities during waking time
Define Evolutionary theory
sleep evolved/we adapted to protect us from being out at night
What are the limitations of evolutionary theory
o No psychological importance of sleep
o Individual differences
o Does no account for biological need of sleep
o Contradictory/lack of evidence
Define REM rebound
catching up on (extra) REM sleep after missing it nights prior
For newborns what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic
- 50% of sleep is REM
- 16 hours of sleep
- Sleep occurs at any time of the day
For Infants what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic
- 40-30% of sleep is REM
- 14-15 hours of sleep
- Changes to a single episode in the evening
For Children what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic
- 18.5-25% of sleep is REM
- 12-10 hours of sleep
- A lot of slow wave deep sleep occurs
For Adolescents what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic
- 18.5-20% of sleep is REM
- 8-10 hours of sleep
- Delay by 1-2 hours of sleep onset
For Adults what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic
- 20-25% of sleep is REM
- 8 hours of sleep
- Hours of sleep continues to decrease
For Elderly what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic
- 20-23% of sleep is REM
- 6 hours of sleep
- Disappearance of deeper sleep causing more awakenings
Define circadian phase disorder
A problem with the timing of sleep and wake states
What are the 3 main causes of circadian phase disorder
Sleep-wake shift in adolescents, shift work, jet lag
What does a sleep-wake shift in adolescents do
Shifts sleep back by 1-2 hours
What is the biological and social cause of the sleep-wake shift in adolescents
- Biologically puberty causes hormonally induced shift in sleep-wake cycle
- Socially there are increased demands on time with school and work
How does shift work cause circadian phase disorder and what does it result in?
- It disrupts sleep rhyhms by having shifts in the evening or early morning
- Damages memory, concentration and problem-solving abilities
What does sleep-wake shift in adolescents, shift-work and jet lag all cause?
Circadian phase disorder
What is jet lag?
• Lasts for 2-3 days when traveling across time zones because of changes in environment affecting circadian rhythm
What kind of travel is best, refering to jet lag?
West is best
What is easterly travel called in reference to jet lag?
phase advance
What is westerky travel called in reference to jet lag?
phase delay
Why is traveling westerly best?
Because there is a shorter day disrupting much less
How can you minimise the effects of jet lag?
Change enviromental cues before traveling to destination times
(e.g. eating, waking, sleeping, etc.
Define Sleep deprivation
inadequate quantity or quality of sleep occurring voluntarily or involuntarily
When sleep deprived are you better at simple or complex tasks?
Complex
What 3 areas does sleep deprevation effect?
Affective
Behavioural
Cognitive
ABC
What are the 3 affective effects of partial sleep deprivation
- Amplified emotional responses
- Less ability to sort important and unimportant information
- Difficulty controlling impulses
What are the 4 Behavioural Effects of Partial Sleep Deprivation
- Slower reaction times
- Causes microsleeps
- Reduced coordination, speed and accuracy
- Causes sleep inertia (performance impairment after awakening)
What are the 4 Cognitive Effects of Partial Sleep Deprivation
- Reduced attention, alertness and concentration
- Divided attention
- Irrational thinking and decision making
- Impaired memory and learning processes
Define Sleep disturbance
any sleep related problem, that disrupts a person’s normal sleep-wake cycle
Define Sleep disorder
regular disruptions to sleep, causes distress or impairment in areas of everyday life
Define dyssomnias
difficulty initiating, maintaining and/or timing sleep
Define Sleep-onset Insomnia
persistent difficulty initiating/maintaining sleep
What are 3 symptoms of Sleep-onset Insomnia
Regular failure to fall asleep in 20-30 mins
3+ nights a week for 3+ months
Causes impairment on life
What are the effects of Sleep-onset Insomnia on sleep-wake cycle
Sleep onset is later than desired
Sleep doesn’t restore
Define Parasomnias
sleep disorders involving inappropriate psychological or physiological activity
Define sleep walking
involves getting up from bed and performing other behaviours during sleep
What is a cause of sleep walking
Stress
3x Symptoms of sleep walking
Occurs during deep sleep in stages 3 and 4
Risk of injury
Return to bed if left alone (usually)
Simple activities carried out
3x Effects of sleep walking on the sleep-wake cycle
Loss of deep sleep (stage 3/4)
Not fully restored because of walking
Fragmented sleep episode
What are the 2 ways to treat sleep disorders
CBT and bright light therapy
What does CBT involve for insomnia
thoughts and behaviours that worsen insomnia are replaced to minimise the effects
What are 2 behavioural components of CBT in reference to insomnia to treat it
Stimulus control therapy
Sleep hygiene
Define Stimulus control therapy
strengthening relationship of the bed and sleeping
Define Sleep hygiene
practices set before sleeping that increase likelihood of a good night sleep
What is bright light therapy
Bright light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to inhibit melatonin secretion at key times to shift sleep-wake cycle
What are the 3 characteristics of bright light therapy for it to work
o Right intensity
o Right time
o Right length
LIT
