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Psychology > Conciousness/Sleep > Flashcards

Conciousness/Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

Define conciousness

A

awareness of sensations, mental experiences, own existence and also external objects and events

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2
Q

What are the characteristics for consciousness

A

o Personal – consciousness is subjective
o Selective – Different things to be aware of
o Changing – changes depending on experience
o Continuous – exists and doesn’t ed

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3
Q

Define Normal waking consciousness (NWC)

A

being awake and aware of our thoughts, feelings, memories, and sensations experienced

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4
Q

Define Altered state of consciousness (ASC)

A

different to NWC in terms of awareness, thoughts, feelings, memories, and sensations experienced

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of attention

A

Selective and divided

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6
Q

Define attention

A

focusing mental activity on a specific stimulus

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7
Q

Define Selective attention

A

focusing on certain stimuli while ignoring others

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8
Q

Define Divided attention

A

ability to distribute one’s attention and undertake two or more activities simultaneously

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9
Q

What are the 3 categories of ways to measure conciousness

A

o Lab measurement devices
o Self-reporting
o Video monitoring

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10
Q

What do lab measurement devices do

A

Detect, amplify and record electrical activity (DARE)

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11
Q

What are the 3 lab measurement devices

A
  • Electroencephalograph (EEG)
  • Electromyograph (EMG)
  • Electro-Oculograph (EOG)
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12
Q

What does EEG stand for and what does it measure

A

Electroencephalograph measures brain activity

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13
Q

What does EMG stand for and what does it measure

A

Electromyograph measures muscular activity

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14
Q

What does EOG stand for and what does it measure

A

Electro-Oculograph measures eye movements

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15
Q

When are beta wave seen

A

alert, concentrating &and learning

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16
Q

When are alpha wave seen

A

relaxation

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17
Q

When are theta wave seen

A

meditation and dreaming

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18
Q

When are delta wave seen

A

deep sleep (dreamless)

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19
Q

Characteristics of beta waves

A

low amplitude and high frequency

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20
Q

Characteristics of alpha waves

A

high amplitude and low frequency

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21
Q

Characteristics of theta waves

A

high amplitude and low frequency

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22
Q

Characteristics of delta waves

A

high amplitude and low frequency

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23
Q

What is the main form of self-reporting and define

A

Sleep diaries – a form of subjective self-reporting, used alongside lab testing

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24
Q

What does video monitoring look for

A

Monitors changes in position/body position and other observations (such as sleep walking)

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25
Q

Define Controlled processes

A

requires high concentration and selective attention (e.g. abseiling)

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26
Q

Define Automatic processes

A

little awareness and mental effort, not interfering with other tasks

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27
Q

How does content limitation differ between NWC and ASC

A

NWC:
• Limited in type and amount
• Few bizar thoughts

ASC:
• Can be inappropriate and offensive
• content not limited

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28
Q

How does perceptual distortions differ between NWC and ASC

A

NWC:
• perception is clear
• sensations reflect reality

ASC:
• Perception dulled or heightened

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29
Q

How does cognitive distortions differ between NWC and ASC

A

NWC:
• Cognition organised and logical
• Memory works
• Critical thinking works

ASC:
• Cognition not organised and logical
• Memory doesn’t work

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30
Q

How does emotional awearness differ between NWC and ASC

A

NWC:
• Appropriate emotions

ASC:
• Inappropriate/dulled/heightened emotions

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31
Q

How does self-control differ between NWC and ASC

A

NWC:
• Awear of self
• Control of behaviour

ASC:
• Self-control increased or decreased

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32
Q

How does time orientation differ between NWC and ASC

A

NWC:
• Time perception accurate

ASC:
• Time perception distorted

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33
Q

What is a drug

A

substance that changes physical/mental functioning (e.g. influencing neurotransmitters or receptors)

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34
Q

Define stimulant

A

increase activity in CNS, alter and activating effect (increased brainwave frequency)

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35
Q

What does a stimulus do to brain waves

A

Increases beta wave activity

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36
Q

Define depressants

A

decrease activity in CNS & body (calms & relaxes)

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37
Q

What do depressants do to brain waves

A

Increases delta, alpha, theta wave activity

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38
Q

How many hours of sleep = 0.05 BAC

A

17 hours

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39
Q

How many hours of sleep = 0.10 BAC

A

25 hours

40
Q

What BAC = 17 hours of sleep

A

0.05 BAC

41
Q

What BAC = 25 hours of sleep

A

0.10 BAC

42
Q

Define sleep

A

reversable state of perceptual disengagement from and unresponsiveness to the environment

43
Q

Define Biological rhythms

A

cyclic changes to bodily functions/activities with the same time and same order

44
Q

Define Circadian rhythm

A

biological rhythm involving change in bodily functions and activities over a cycle of 24 hours

45
Q

What does melatonin cause

A

causes sleepiness (reducing alertness)

46
Q

Define Ultradian rhythm

A

changes in bodily functions that occur as part of a cycle shorter than 23 hours

47
Q

Define Sleep cycle

A

period of NREM sleep and REM sleep occurring within a sleep episode

48
Q

Define Sleep episode

A

sleep period starting with onset and ending with final awakening (with one or more sleep cycles within)

49
Q

What are the characteristics of light NREM sleep

A
  • Easily awoken
  • Lower heart rate, respiration and body temp
  • Decreases muscle tension
  • Slow eye movements (may occur)
  • Irregular theta waves are seen before replacing alpha waves
50
Q

What are the characteristics of deep NREM sleep

A
  • Hard to wake up
  • Lowest heart rate, respiration and body temp
  • Muscles completely relaxed and barely move
  • Minimal eye movements
  • Delta waves are seen
  • Less frequent, structured and less likely to be recalled dreams occur
51
Q

What are the characteristics of REM sleep

A
  • Variable arousal threshold
  • Faster and more irregular heart rate and breathing
  • Muscles paralysed (except for twitching in face, toes and fingers)
  • Rapid eye movements occur (beneath closed eyelids)
  • Brain waves appear like normal wakefulness (rapid, irregular, mixed frequency)
  • Dreaming occurs in REM sleep which are vivid and structured
52
Q

Define Restoration theory

A

‘time out’ to help recover from depleting activities during waking time

53
Q

Define Evolutionary theory

A

sleep evolved/we adapted to protect us from being out at night

54
Q

What are the limitations of evolutionary theory

A

o No psychological importance of sleep
o Individual differences
o Does no account for biological need of sleep
o Contradictory/lack of evidence

55
Q

Define REM rebound

A

catching up on (extra) REM sleep after missing it nights prior

56
Q

For newborns what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic

A
  • 50% of sleep is REM
  • 16 hours of sleep
  • Sleep occurs at any time of the day
57
Q

For Infants what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic

A
  • 40-30% of sleep is REM
  • 14-15 hours of sleep
  • Changes to a single episode in the evening
58
Q

For Children what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic

A
  • 18.5-25% of sleep is REM
  • 12-10 hours of sleep
  • A lot of slow wave deep sleep occurs
59
Q

For Adolescents what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic

A
  • 18.5-20% of sleep is REM
  • 8-10 hours of sleep
  • Delay by 1-2 hours of sleep onset
60
Q

For Adults what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic

A
  • 20-25% of sleep is REM
  • 8 hours of sleep
  • Hours of sleep continues to decrease
61
Q

For Elderly what is the:
o REM percentage
o Hours of sleep
o Key characteristic

A
  • 20-23% of sleep is REM
  • 6 hours of sleep
  • Disappearance of deeper sleep causing more awakenings
62
Q

Define circadian phase disorder

A

A problem with the timing of sleep and wake states

63
Q

What are the 3 main causes of circadian phase disorder

A

Sleep-wake shift in adolescents, shift work, jet lag

64
Q

What does a sleep-wake shift in adolescents do

A

Shifts sleep back by 1-2 hours

65
Q

What is the biological and social cause of the sleep-wake shift in adolescents

A
  • Biologically puberty causes hormonally induced shift in sleep-wake cycle
  • Socially there are increased demands on time with school and work
66
Q

How does shift work cause circadian phase disorder and what does it result in?

A
  • It disrupts sleep rhyhms by having shifts in the evening or early morning
  • Damages memory, concentration and problem-solving abilities
67
Q

What does sleep-wake shift in adolescents, shift-work and jet lag all cause?

A

Circadian phase disorder

68
Q

What is jet lag?

A

• Lasts for 2-3 days when traveling across time zones because of changes in environment affecting circadian rhythm

69
Q

What kind of travel is best, refering to jet lag?

A

West is best

70
Q

What is easterly travel called in reference to jet lag?

A

phase advance

71
Q

What is westerky travel called in reference to jet lag?

A

phase delay

72
Q

Why is traveling westerly best?

A

Because there is a shorter day disrupting much less

73
Q

How can you minimise the effects of jet lag?

A

Change enviromental cues before traveling to destination times
(e.g. eating, waking, sleeping, etc.

74
Q

Define Sleep deprivation

A

inadequate quantity or quality of sleep occurring voluntarily or involuntarily

75
Q

When sleep deprived are you better at simple or complex tasks?

A

Complex

76
Q

What 3 areas does sleep deprevation effect?

A

Affective
Behavioural
Cognitive
ABC

77
Q

What are the 3 affective effects of partial sleep deprivation

A
  • Amplified emotional responses
  • Less ability to sort important and unimportant information
  • Difficulty controlling impulses
78
Q

What are the 4 Behavioural Effects of Partial Sleep Deprivation

A
  • Slower reaction times
  • Causes microsleeps
  • Reduced coordination, speed and accuracy
  • Causes sleep inertia (performance impairment after awakening)
79
Q

What are the 4 Cognitive Effects of Partial Sleep Deprivation

A
  • Reduced attention, alertness and concentration
  • Divided attention
  • Irrational thinking and decision making
  • Impaired memory and learning processes
80
Q

Define Sleep disturbance

A

any sleep related problem, that disrupts a person’s normal sleep-wake cycle

81
Q

Define Sleep disorder

A

regular disruptions to sleep, causes distress or impairment in areas of everyday life

82
Q

Define dyssomnias

A

difficulty initiating, maintaining and/or timing sleep

83
Q

Define Sleep-onset Insomnia

A

persistent difficulty initiating/maintaining sleep

84
Q

What are 3 symptoms of Sleep-onset Insomnia

A

 Regular failure to fall asleep in 20-30 mins
 3+ nights a week for 3+ months
 Causes impairment on life

85
Q

What are the effects of Sleep-onset Insomnia on sleep-wake cycle

A

 Sleep onset is later than desired

 Sleep doesn’t restore

86
Q

Define Parasomnias

A

sleep disorders involving inappropriate psychological or physiological activity

87
Q

Define sleep walking

A

involves getting up from bed and performing other behaviours during sleep

88
Q

What is a cause of sleep walking

A

Stress

89
Q

3x Symptoms of sleep walking

A

 Occurs during deep sleep in stages 3 and 4
 Risk of injury
 Return to bed if left alone (usually)
 Simple activities carried out

90
Q

3x Effects of sleep walking on the sleep-wake cycle

A

 Loss of deep sleep (stage 3/4)
 Not fully restored because of walking
 Fragmented sleep episode

91
Q

What are the 2 ways to treat sleep disorders

A

CBT and bright light therapy

92
Q

What does CBT involve for insomnia

A

thoughts and behaviours that worsen insomnia are replaced to minimise the effects

93
Q

What are 2 behavioural components of CBT in reference to insomnia to treat it

A

Stimulus control therapy

Sleep hygiene

94
Q

Define Stimulus control therapy

A

strengthening relationship of the bed and sleeping

95
Q

Define Sleep hygiene

A

practices set before sleeping that increase likelihood of a good night sleep

96
Q

What is bright light therapy

A

Bright light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to inhibit melatonin secretion at key times to shift sleep-wake cycle

97
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of bright light therapy for it to work

A

o Right intensity
o Right time
o Right length
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