Relevant Medical Information Flashcards
orbit
pyramid shaped cavity in the skull, lined by 7 orbital bones; contains the eyeball plus its muscles, blood supply, nerves & fat. It protects the eye organ and expands as the organism grows.
conjunctiva
mucus membrane covering the outer surface of the eyeball & inner surface of lid - not the cornea. Maintains moisture and limited protection
sclera
protective outer layer of the eye; contains collagen & elastic fibers; protect outer layer of the eye.
cornea
Window of the eye; covers iris, pupil & interior chambers
iris
Color tissue behind cornea; controls amount of light entering the eye and separates anterior & posterior chambers
ciliary muscle
smooth muscle portion; responsible for relaxation, allowing lens to focus on near objects
choroid
vascule layet of the eye between retina & sclera; provides nourishment to outer layers of retina; forms part of uvea along with iris & cilieary body.
retina
light-sensitive nerve tissue that converts images from the eye’s optical system into electrical impulses which are sent to the optic nerve and on to the brain.
lens
bi-convex intra-ocular tissue that brings rays of light to focus on the retina. Located at the posterior chamber
optic nerve/ optic pathway
second cranial nerve; largest sensory nerve of the eye; carries impulses from retina to brain
optic chiasm
“X” shaped part from the retina to the brain nerve chain
occipital lobes
rear part of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for vision & perception
temporal lobes
contain vision-conducting pathways to the occipital lobes, in charge of the hearing
posterior parietal lobes
upper mid part of each cerebral hemisphere in the brain; responsible for body sensation. Processes sensory information that had to do with taste, temperature, and touch
macular degeneration
central acuity loss; travel vision is intact. Degeneration of retinal cones, it affects the macula, central field loss, dificultad con near task- reading, cocer y ver la cara de alguien
RP
Decreasing peripheral vision; may result in tunnel vision or complete blindness if the macula becomes involved- bumpinginto object and people, night time blindness, glare is a problem
retinopathy of prematurity
Destructive optical changes as a result of either prolonged oxygen therapy or delayed development of the organ
4. Increased ocular pressure resulting in damage to the optic nerve & retinal nerve fibers
affects peripheral vision, glare, reduce vision
glaucoma
Increased ocular pressure resulting in damage to the optic nerve & retinal nerve fibers
diabetic retinopathy
Progressive retinal changes & growth of abnormal blood vessels; side effect of diabetes- central visual loss, blurry vision, fluctuating vision, floters or spots
cortical visual impairment
Retina seems unaffected; lack of oxygen to the brain. cortical pathway & visual processing center of the brain is compromised in some way. uses peripheral rather than central, neorological problem nor sight
optic nerve hypoplasia
congenital abnormality; optic disc is small, sometimes surrounded with a halo; vision my or may not be reduced
rod/cone dystrophy
progressive retinal degeneration in both eyes; night blindness in childhood followed by loss of peripheral vision to finally blindness; hereditary
cone/rod dystrophy
degeneration of retinal receptors results in loss of color and central vision. the 3 C - clarity, color and contrast (you lose)
retinoblastoma
malignant Intraocular tumor that develops from retinal & visual cells; hereditary-affects peripheral fields
refractive errors
focus with the eye is not brought directly to the retina. nearsighted, farsighed
OU
Both eyes
OD
Right eye
OS
Left eye
audiogram
graph used to report hearing threshhold at different frequencies
intensity
loudness of sound
frequency
Number of vibrations that occur at the same rate over the same period of time
phase
Sound wave of vibrating cycle
pitch
measured in hertz
decibel
measure of intensity
Define the following terminology as it relates to an audiogram: the symbol “X”
left ear
Define the following terminology as it relates to an audiogram: the symbol “O”
right ear
Define the following terminology as it relates to an audiogram: the symbol “
right ear sensorineaural or conductive
Define the following terminology as it relates to an audiogram: the symbol “>”
left ear sensorineural or conductive
conductive hearing loss
lesion or disease in the outer or inner ear. O&M needs to focus on use of hearing aids, use environmental sounds, move slower; low tone of traffic needs to be adjusted for.
sensorineural hearing loss
disfunction within inner ear, generally the cochlear is the cause. O&M focus on recognition of environmental sound level data
mixed hearing loss
result of both above problems ( conductive and sensorineural hearing loss). O&M focus should combine both methods of modification from each; augmented communication may be necessary. Steady decrease of both symbols on report
Given a scenario of a learner with a specific hearing loss, identify the functional implications related to O&M.
Note: Information to study contained in section 2.3
Get best ear focused on traffic; decrease likelihood of environmental clutter by picking time of day or specific intersections; useamplification equipment
What eye diseases are associated with diabetes?
Diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataratas
What are the considerations when developing an O&M instruction program for persons with diabetes?
When developing an O&M program, the instructor should consider fluctuating vision; neuropathy flare-ups; glucose level indicators; medical plans, contact person
What eye diseases are associated with AIDS?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Uvetitis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptococcal Meningitis, central nervous system infection, HIV retinopathy
What are the implications of AIDS for O&M instruction?
Prevention of contamination; good hygiene, reschedule lessons if instructor has possible contagion, follow universal health precautions. Confirm all meetings, be flesible to present endurance level
seizure disorder
seizures: record-keeping of events prior to episode (cognitive, emotional, medical, etc); Be prepared (know probable type, guidelines, contact, etc)
arthritis
arthritis: Flexibility/adaptation to lesson; modify cane grip/composition
high blood pressure
High blood pressure: cardiovascular endurance levels, more bathroom breaks - so shorter routes;
heart condition
Heart condition: similar to blood pressure; know CPR, be aware of medical information
asthma
asthma: may vary with cold/warm weather, have prescribed inhaler available; remind to breathe thru mouth (scarf in winter)
A. What are some signs that a person is having a hypoglycemic reaction or a hyperglycemic reaction?
A. Dizziness, fatigue, drowsy, light-headed, or decreased bllod flow to outer extremities (hypo); frequent urination, redness in face, headache, sudden irritation (hyper)
B. What should an O&M specialist do if a client has a hypoglycemic reaction or a hyperglycemic reaction during an O&M lesson?
B. Have student sit in a reclined chair, stay with client, administer sugar-based product,
- seizures
- Seizures: limit strobe light effects & reflective geometric patterns, know side effects of medication and duration of spike/low. Insist on medi-alert bracelet
- allergic reactions
- Allergic reactions: avoid allergy-prone areas or times of year, request epi-pen from family
- frequent aggressive behavior
- Frequent aggressive behavior: maintain accurate records; schedule lessons to correspond to best working time; instructional time needs to be varied; consider goals/objectives & appropriate interventions
What are the procedures for responding to the following incidents?
seizures
- seizures: Clear the environment; loosen clothing; record information about precursors,event & post; if longer than a few minutes, call for assistance
What are the procedures for responding to the following incidents?
falls
falls: Ascertain severity, provide basic first aid, contact EMT as appropriate
What are the procedures for responding to the following incidents?
3. emotional/behavioral incidents
emotional/behavioral incidents: record keeping of precursors and event; attempt redirection;
What are the procedures for responding to the following incidents?
allergic reactions
allergic reactions: record keeping, determine cause if possible, administer treatment if given permission & available, call EMT for severe reactions
