Relevant Medical Information

Question 1

orbit

Answer 1

pyramid shaped cavity in the skull, lined by 7 orbital bones; contains the eyeball plus its muscles, blood supply, nerves & fat. It protects the eye organ and expands as the organism grows.

Question 2

conjunctiva

Answer 2

mucus membrane covering the outer surface of the eyeball & inner surface of lid - not the cornea. Maintains moisture and limited protection

Question 3

sclera

Answer 3

protective outer layer of the eye; contains collagen & elastic fibers; protect outer layer of the eye.

Question 4

cornea

Answer 4

Window of the eye; covers iris, pupil & interior chambers

Question 5

iris

Answer 5

Color tissue behind cornea; controls amount of light entering the eye and separates anterior & posterior chambers

Question 6

ciliary muscle

Answer 6

smooth muscle portion; responsible for relaxation, allowing lens to focus on near objects

Question 7

choroid

Answer 7

vascule layet of the eye between retina & sclera; provides nourishment to outer layers of retina; forms part of uvea along with iris & cilieary body.

Question 8

retina

Answer 8

light-sensitive nerve tissue that converts images from the eye’s optical system into electrical impulses which are sent to the optic nerve and on to the brain.

Question 9

lens

Answer 9

bi-convex intra-ocular tissue that brings rays of light to focus on the retina. Located at the posterior chamber

Question 10

optic nerve/ optic pathway

Answer 10

second cranial nerve; largest sensory nerve of the eye; carries impulses from retina to brain

Question 11

optic chiasm

Answer 11

“X” shaped part from the retina to the brain nerve chain

Question 12

occipital lobes

Answer 12

rear part of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for vision & perception

Question 13

temporal lobes

Answer 13

contain vision-conducting pathways to the occipital lobes, in charge of the hearing

Question 14

posterior parietal lobes

Answer 14

upper mid part of each cerebral hemisphere in the brain; responsible for body sensation. Processes sensory information that had to do with taste, temperature, and touch

Question 15

macular degeneration

Answer 15

central acuity loss; travel vision is intact. Degeneration of retinal cones, it affects the macula, central field loss, dificultad con near task- reading, cocer y ver la cara de alguien

Question 16

RP

Answer 16

Decreasing peripheral vision; may result in tunnel vision or complete blindness if the macula becomes involved- bumpinginto object and people, night time blindness, glare is a problem

Question 17

retinopathy of prematurity

Answer 17

Destructive optical changes as a result of either prolonged oxygen therapy or delayed development of the organ
4. Increased ocular pressure resulting in damage to the optic nerve & retinal nerve fibers
affects peripheral vision, glare, reduce vision

Question 18

glaucoma

Answer 18

Increased ocular pressure resulting in damage to the optic nerve & retinal nerve fibers

Question 19

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 19

Progressive retinal changes & growth of abnormal blood vessels; side effect of diabetes- central visual loss, blurry vision, fluctuating vision, floters or spots

Question 20

cortical visual impairment

Answer 20

Retina seems unaffected; lack of oxygen to the brain. cortical pathway & visual processing center of the brain is compromised in some way. uses peripheral rather than central, neorological problem nor sight

Question 21

optic nerve hypoplasia

Answer 21

congenital abnormality; optic disc is small, sometimes surrounded with a halo; vision my or may not be reduced

Question 22

rod/cone dystrophy

Answer 22

progressive retinal degeneration in both eyes; night blindness in childhood followed by loss of peripheral vision to finally blindness; hereditary

Question 23

cone/rod dystrophy

Answer 23

degeneration of retinal receptors results in loss of color and central vision. the 3 C - clarity, color and contrast (you lose)

Question 24

retinoblastoma

Answer 24

malignant Intraocular tumor that develops from retinal & visual cells; hereditary-affects peripheral fields

Question 25

refractive errors

Answer 25

focus with the eye is not brought directly to the retina. nearsighted, farsighed

Question 26

OU

Answer 26

Both eyes

Question 27

OD

Answer 27

Right eye

Question 28

OS

Answer 28

Left eye

Question 29

audiogram

Answer 29

graph used to report hearing threshhold at different frequencies

Question 30

intensity

Answer 30

loudness of sound

Question 31

frequency

Answer 31

Number of vibrations that occur at the same rate over the same period of time

Question 32

phase

Answer 32

Sound wave of vibrating cycle

Question 33

pitch

Answer 33

measured in hertz

Question 34

decibel

Answer 34

measure of intensity

Question 35

Define the following terminology as it relates to an audiogram: the symbol "X"

Answer 35

left ear

Question 36

Define the following terminology as it relates to an audiogram: the symbol "O"

Answer 36

right ear

Question 37

Define the following terminology as it relates to an audiogram: the symbol "

Answer 37

right ear sensorineaural or conductive

Question 38

Define the following terminology as it relates to an audiogram: the symbol ">"

Answer 38

left ear sensorineural or conductive

Question 39

conductive hearing loss

Answer 39

lesion or disease in the outer or inner ear. O&M needs to focus on use of hearing aids, use environmental sounds, move slower; low tone of traffic needs to be adjusted for.

Question 40

sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 40

disfunction within inner ear, generally the cochlear is the cause. O&M focus on recognition of environmental sound level data

Question 41

mixed hearing loss

Answer 41

result of both above problems ( conductive and sensorineural hearing loss). O&M focus should combine both methods of modification from each; augmented communication may be necessary. Steady decrease of both symbols on report

Question 42

Given a scenario of a learner with a specific hearing loss, identify the functional implications related to O&M. Note: Information to study contained in section 2.3

Answer 42

Get best ear focused on traffic; decrease likelihood of environmental clutter by picking time of day or specific intersections; useamplification equipment

Question 43

What eye diseases are associated with diabetes?

Answer 43

Diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataratas

Question 44

What are the considerations when developing an O&M instruction program for persons with diabetes?

Answer 44

When developing an O&M program, the instructor should consider fluctuating vision; neuropathy flare-ups; glucose level indicators; medical plans, contact person

Question 45

What eye diseases are associated with AIDS?

Answer 45

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Kaposi's Sarcoma, Uvetitis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptococcal Meningitis, central nervous system infection, HIV retinopathy

Question 46

What are the implications of AIDS for O&M instruction?

Answer 46

Prevention of contamination; good hygiene, reschedule lessons if instructor has possible contagion, follow universal health precautions. Confirm all meetings, be flesible to present endurance level

Question 47

seizure disorder

Answer 47

seizures: record-keeping of events prior to episode (cognitive, emotional, medical, etc); Be prepared (know probable type, guidelines, contact, etc)

Question 48

arthritis

Answer 48

arthritis: Flexibility/adaptation to lesson; modify cane grip/composition

Question 49

high blood pressure

Answer 49

High blood pressure: cardiovascular endurance levels, more bathroom breaks - so shorter routes;

Question 50

heart condition

Answer 50

Heart condition: similar to blood pressure; know CPR, be aware of medical information

Question 51

asthma

Answer 51

asthma: may vary with cold/warm weather, have prescribed inhaler available; remind to breathe thru mouth (scarf in winter)

Question 52

A. What are some signs that a person is having a hypoglycemic reaction or a hyperglycemic reaction?

Answer 52

A. Dizziness, fatigue, drowsy, light-headed, or decreased bllod flow to outer extremities (hypo); frequent urination, redness in face, headache, sudden irritation (hyper)

Question 53

B. What should an O&M specialist do if a client has a hypoglycemic reaction or a hyperglycemic reaction during an O&M lesson?

Answer 53

B. Have student sit in a reclined chair, stay with client, administer sugar-based product,

Question 54

1. seizures

Answer 54

1. Seizures: limit strobe light effects & reflective geometric patterns, know side effects of medication and duration of spike/low. Insist on medi-alert bracelet

Question 55

2. allergic reactions

Answer 55

2. Allergic reactions: avoid allergy-prone areas or times of year, request epi-pen from family

Question 56

3. frequent aggressive behavior

Answer 56

3. Frequent aggressive behavior: maintain accurate records; schedule lessons to correspond to best working time; instructional time needs to be varied; consider goals/objectives & appropriate interventions

Question 57

What are the procedures for responding to the following incidents? seizures

Answer 57

1. seizures: Clear the environment; loosen clothing; record information about precursors,event & post; if longer than a few minutes, call for assistance

Question 58

What are the procedures for responding to the following incidents? falls

Answer 58

falls: Ascertain severity, provide basic first aid, contact EMT as appropriate

Question 59

What are the procedures for responding to the following incidents? 3. emotional/behavioral incidents

Answer 59

emotional/behavioral incidents: record keeping of precursors and event; attempt redirection;

Question 60

What are the procedures for responding to the following incidents? allergic reactions

Answer 60

allergic reactions: record keeping, determine cause if possible, administer treatment if given permission & available, call EMT for severe reactions