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Microbiology PMY 3 > Relationships With Microorganisms 2 > Flashcards

Relationships With Microorganisms 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the human microbiome?

A

Microorganisms on and in human body

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2
Q

How does the human microbiome have a symbiotic relationship with host?

A
  • Production of beneficial microbial products

- Inhibits growth of pathogenic microorganisms

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3
Q

What is infection?

A

Any situation in which a microorganism gains entry, becomes established and is growing in a host, whether or not the host is yet harmed

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4
Q

What is a disease?

A

Any situation in which growth of a microorganism, invading pathogen or commensalism results in host damage and production of specific signs or symptoms

STI does not = STD

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5
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Infectious diseases which can be transmitted from one person to another. Transmission may be direct or indirect

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6
Q

What is a non communicable disease?

A

Most are refferred to as chronic diseases , and are typically a result of genetic, physiological environmental and/or behavioral factors

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7
Q

Give examples of transmissible infections

A

Influenza, common cold, HIV, gonnorhea

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8
Q

Give examples of non-transmissible infections

A

Non transmissible infections:
Rabies infection —> rabies virus*

West Nile Virus infection —> West Nile Virus

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9
Q

What are factors that might cause non-communicable diseases?

A

Genetics

Diet

Environment

Physiological

Behavioral

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10
Q

Give examples of non communicable diseases

A

Diabetes, HTN, CF, heart attack

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11
Q

What are reservoirs?

A

The primary /natural habitat where a specific infectious agent lives and multiples

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12
Q

Reservoirs can be:

A

Living organisms

Non-living sites

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13
Q

Give living organisms which can act as reservoirs

A

Turtles and reptiles- Salmonella spp.

Domestic animals and animals used for meat - Campylobacter jejuni

Human- Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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14
Q

Give example of non-living sites

A

Soil- Clostridium tetani

Water- Legionella pneumophilia

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15
Q

What are sources?

A

The origin from which a susceptible host acquires an infectious agent

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16
Q

What are the types of sources?

A

Endogenous

Exogenous

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17
Q

Describe a endogenous sources

A

Host microbiome

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18
Q

Describe exogenous sources

A
  • A person through physical contact or indirectly
  • Animals/vectors
  • Objects; food, water, doorknobs, medical equipment etc.
  • Inanimate injects; fomites- clothes, utensils, furniture
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19
Q

What are carriers?

A

Individuals capable of transmitting a pathogen without displaying symptoms

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20
Q

What are types of carriers?

A

Passive and active carriers

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21
Q

What is passive carriers?

A

Passive carriers- an individual who is contaminated with the infectious pathogen and can mechanically transmit it to another host, without being infected e..g. Poor hand hygiene practices

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22
Q

What is active carriers?

A

An individual who has been infected with an infectious agent and is able to transmit this agent to others. Active carriers may or may not exhibit signs and symptoms of the infection

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23
Q

What are the types of active carriers?

A

Incubatory carriers and convalescent carriers

24
Q

What are incubatory carriers?

A

Those who can transmit the agent during the incubation period before clinical illness begins

25
Q

What are convalescent carriers?

A

Convalescent carriers are those who have recovered from their illness but remain capable of transmitting to others

26
Q

What are asymptotic carriers?

A

Active carriers who do not present with any signs or symptoms of the disease despite being infected

27
Q

Give examples of infections that can be transmitted by asymptotic carriers

A
  • HIV -Human immunodeficiency virus
  • HBV -human B Virus
  • Neisseria gonorrhea
28
Q

Give historic examples of asymptotic carriers

A

Mary Mallon - Typhoid Mary

  • 1900 household cook in NYC and NJ
  • Asymptomatic carrier of Salmonella typhi
  • determined to be responsible for 122 cases of typhoid fever
29
Q

What are zoonotic infections?

A

Human are subject to disease that have animal reservoirs. Animals can transmit the infections agent to humans through direct contact

30
Q

What are iatrogenic infections ?

A

These are infectious diseases which are contracted as the result of a medical procedure

E.g. A patient treated for a skin wound may acquire necrotizing fasciitis of the bandages or dressings used have not been properly sterilized and are contaminated with Clostridium perfringens or another bacteria

31
Q

What are nosocomial infections?

A

These are infectious diseases which are contracted in hospital settings, usually after 48 hours of admission

E.g., A patient at the hospital being treated for coronary artery disease developing symptoms of a respiratory infection- hospital acquired pneumonia

32
Q

What are the 3 factors that lead to nosocomial infections?

A
  1. Transmission of pathogens between health care workers and patients or between patients
  2. Immunocompromised patients
  3. Presence of microorganisms in the hospital environment
33
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

Infectious pathogens are transmitted from a reservoir/source to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread

34
Q

What are the types of direct transmission?

A
  1. Direct contact transmission
  2. Droplet transmission
  3. Vertical transmission
  4. Horizontal transmission
35
Q

What is direct contact transmission?

A

Person to person transmission including sexual contact

Skin to skin/mucosal membranes contact
-impetigo - S. aureus, HSV cold sores- HSV 1, Hand foot mouth disease - Coxsackie virus
Psexual contavt- HSV 2, HIV, HBV, N. gonorrhea, C. trachomatis

36
Q

How can there be direct contact with environmental source?

A

Direct contact with environmental source

  • Hook worm infection from contaminated soil
  • Cutaneous anthrax -Bacillus anthracis
  • Brain eating amoeba - N. Fowleri
37
Q

What is droplet transmission?

A

Distances of 3Ft or less

- common cold - Rhinovirus
- seasonal flu- influenza virus
- meningococcal disease- N. Meningitidis
38
Q

What is vertical Transmission?

A

Mother to child through placenta

-TORCH infections

39
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

Mother to child through breast milk

  • CMV infection - cytomegalovirus
  • HIV
40
Q

What is indirect transmission ?

A

Infectious pathogens are transmitted from a reservoir to a host via inanimate objects (vehicles) or animate intermediates

41
Q

What is Vehicle transmission?

A

Transmission of pathogen through vehicles; fomites, water, food, air

42
Q

What are the types of vehicle transmission?

A
  • Fomites
  • Water borne transmission
  • food borne transmission
  • airborne transmission
43
Q

What are fomites?

A

Inanimate objects that become contaminated by pathogens (door knob, towel, table cloth)

-objects which are not properly sterilized (medical and/or surgical equipment)

44
Q

What is water borne transmission?

A

Fecal -oral GI infections; E. coli, C. jejuni

V. cholera, G. lamblia

45
Q

What is food borne transmission?

A

Fecal- oral GI infections

-botulism

46
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

Distances of over 1 meter

  • tuberculosis
  • Measles
  • Chicken pox
47
Q

What is vector transmission?

A

Insect vectors carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the infectious agent which is then transmitted to a susceptible host

48
Q

What are biological vectors?

A

An animal that carries a pathogen that can multiply within their bodies and be delivered to a new host.

  • Mosquito -plasmodium spp. Dengue virus, Zika virus, etc
  • ticks- R. rickettsia, B. burgdorferi etc.

Fleas- Y pestis

49
Q

What are mechanical vectors?

A

An animal that carries the pathogen from host to host without being infected itself

- fly 
- cockroaches
50
Q

What are the types of indirect transmission ?

A
  1. Vehicle transmission

2. Vector transmission

51
Q

What are the types of vector transmission?

A

Bioological and mechanical

52
Q

Prevention from infectious agents is often…

A

Multifactoral

53
Q

How many levels of disease prevention are there?

A

Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention

54
Q

What is primary disease prevention?

A

Measures that prevent the onset of illness or injury before the disease process begins.

  • immunization
  • vector control
55
Q

What is secondary disease prevention ?

A

Measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease, illness or injury to prevent more severe problems developing
-screening tests: prenatal TORCH screens

56
Q

What is tertiary disease prevention?

A

Measures aimed at treatment/rehabilitation following significant illness. At this level health services workers can work to retain, re-educate and rehabilitate people who have already developed an impairment or disability

57
Q

What factors lead to a disease? Give an example

A

Agent (adenovirus/virus) —> source(infected individual, exogenous)—> condition ( poor hygiene, inhalation/direct contact) —> result( upper respiratory tract infection, conjunctivitis )

Microbiology PMY 3 (24 decks)

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