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Microbiology PMY 3 > Relationships L2 > Flashcards

Relationships L2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are probiotics?

A

WHO(2001)-live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host

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2
Q

What are the requirements/activities of a probiotic?

A

A bacterial strain that:

  • survives the stomach acid
  • adheres to the intestinal lining
  • grows and establishes temporary residence in the intestines
  • imparts health benefit
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3
Q

Give examples of probiotics

A

Lactobacillus sp.

- Reuteri
- Casei
- Ramnosus
- Acidophilus

Streptococcus sp.

Bifidobacterium sp.

  • infantis
  • lacti
  • longum
  • breve
  • bifidum

Sacharomyces bouladrii

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4
Q

What are the methods of action for probiotics?

A
  • inhibition of adhesion
  • immunomodulation
  • Production of antimicrobial substances
  • Compete for nutrients
  • reduction in bacterial translocation
  • Anti-inflammatory signaling within the epithelium
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5
Q

What are the proposed uses of probiotics ?

A
  • infectious diarrhea
  • antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  • IBD, IBS
  • necrotizing enterocolitis
  • bacterial vaginosis
  • recurrent UTI’s
  • atopic disease
  • constipation
  • radiation induced diarrhea
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6
Q

What is a prebiotic?

A

A non-digestible food ingredient that promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines

Fiber compounds that pass undigested through the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract

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7
Q

What do prebiotics do?

A

Act Like fertilizers to help healthy bacteria grow

Facilitate the health of the host

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8
Q

What are the criterion for a prebiotic?

A
  • limited hydrolysis and absorption
  • selected growth stimulation of beneficial bacteria in the colon
  • immune stimulation
  • Stimulation of beneficial flora that promotes colonization resistance
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9
Q

What are some established probiotics?

A
  1. Breast milk oligosaccharides
  2. Polydextrose-fructans
  3. Insulin
  4. FOS(Fructo-oligosaccharides)
  5. GOS( Galactose-oligosaccharides)
  6. Lactulose
  7. SOS(Soy-oligosaccharides)
  8. Lactitol
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10
Q

What are sources of prebiotic?

A

-Fruits, vegetables and whole grains

-example: 
Asparagus
Oatmeal
Onions
Garlic
Chicory
Barley
Berries
Legumes(peas and beans)
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11
Q

What is a disease?

A

Damage or injury that impairs host function

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12
Q

Give some non-inf3ctious diseases

A

Diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, certain cancers

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13
Q

Give some infectious diseases

A

Measles, influenza, malaria, HIV, HBV,certain cancers

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14
Q

What are the types of sources?

A

Exogenous

Endogenous

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15
Q

What are exogenous infections?

A

Externally acquired non-commensals

Influenza, chicken pox common cold tuberculosis, cholera, HIV

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16
Q

What are endogenous infections?

A

A result of the host microbiome. Usually due to loss of commensalism balance

Thrush(C. albicans)

Folliculitis (S. aureus)

Bacterial vaginosis (lactobacillus)

17
Q

Describe how Candida spp. can be an endogenous infection?

A

Microbiome: Candida spp. naturally present in the mouth

Condition: poor oral hygiene in immunocompromised infants, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or other immunosuppressive therapy

Result: disruption in normal flora

Overgrowth by candida resulting in oral thrush (mucocutaneous candidiasis

18
Q

Describe how influenza can cause an exogenous infection

A

Microbiome: not part of the normal human microbiome

Condition: exposure or contact with droplets contain8ng influenza virus from an infected individual or animal

Result: disruption or normal flora

Invasion and replication of the influenza virus resulting in flu symptoms

19
Q

What are transmissible infectious disease?

A

From source(air, water, food, contact) infects person upon exposure

Direct or indirect transmission leads this disease to be caught by others

20
Q

What are non-transmissible infectious diseases?

A

From source(air, water, food, contact) infects person upon exposure

The person contracts disease and is a dead end host

21
Q

What is a dead end host?

A

Person contracts disease from source(air, water, food, contact)

But it doesn’t move to another host as it is non-transmissible

West Nile virus, rabies virus, Lyme disease

22
Q

Give examples of diseases that are non-transmissible/dead end hosts

A

West Nile virus, rabies virus, Lyme disease

23
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease

24
Q

What are the stages of infectious disease?

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodromal
  3. Period of illness
  4. Period of decline
  5. Period of convalescence
25
Q

Describe the incubation period

A

Duration of time from acquisition of an infectious pathogen to presentation of signs and symptoms
-pathogen is adjusting to the environment and acquiring nutrients for replication

  • Varying in duration:
    • acute (hours to days)
    • chronic(weeks to months, possibly even years)
    • Latent (pathogen goes dominant / inactive for extended periods)
26
Q

What is incubation period influenced with

A
  • Influenced by virulence (strength) of pathogen
  • Size of infective dose
  • Strength of the host immune system
  • Site of infection
27
Q

What happens during prodromal period?

A

During this period there are nonspecific sings and symptoms

28
Q

What is the droid of illness characterized by?

A

During this period signs and symptoms of the infection are most obvious and severe

29
Q

What is the period 9f decline characterized by?

A

During this period signs and symptoms f the infection begin to decline

30
Q

What is the period of convalescence ?

A

Period denoted by host recovery, there may also be lasting damage from the infection

31
Q

What is a persistent infection?

A

Infections which are not completely eliminated by immune system

32
Q

What are the types of persistent infections?

A
  1. Chronic infections

2. Latent infections

33
Q

What are latent infections?

A
  • Not actively replicating/not replicating at detectable rates
  • May become reactivated under certain conditions
34
Q

What are chronic infections ?

A
  • longer duration
  • develops slowly
  • Shedding for long periods

Microbiology PMY 3 (24 decks)

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