Relationships L2 Flashcards
What are probiotics?
WHO(2001)-live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host
What are the requirements/activities of a probiotic?
A bacterial strain that:
- survives the stomach acid
- adheres to the intestinal lining
- grows and establishes temporary residence in the intestines
- imparts health benefit
Give examples of probiotics
Lactobacillus sp.
- Reuteri - Casei - Ramnosus - Acidophilus
Streptococcus sp.
Bifidobacterium sp.
- infantis
- lacti
- longum
- breve
- bifidum
Sacharomyces bouladrii
What are the methods of action for probiotics?
- inhibition of adhesion
- immunomodulation
- Production of antimicrobial substances
- Compete for nutrients
- reduction in bacterial translocation
- Anti-inflammatory signaling within the epithelium
What are the proposed uses of probiotics ?
- infectious diarrhea
- antibiotic-associated diarrhea
- IBD, IBS
- necrotizing enterocolitis
- bacterial vaginosis
- recurrent UTI’s
- atopic disease
- constipation
- radiation induced diarrhea
What is a prebiotic?
A non-digestible food ingredient that promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines
Fiber compounds that pass undigested through the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract
What do prebiotics do?
Act Like fertilizers to help healthy bacteria grow
Facilitate the health of the host
What are the criterion for a prebiotic?
- limited hydrolysis and absorption
- selected growth stimulation of beneficial bacteria in the colon
- immune stimulation
- Stimulation of beneficial flora that promotes colonization resistance
What are some established probiotics?
- Breast milk oligosaccharides
- Polydextrose-fructans
- Insulin
- FOS(Fructo-oligosaccharides)
- GOS( Galactose-oligosaccharides)
- Lactulose
- SOS(Soy-oligosaccharides)
- Lactitol
What are sources of prebiotic?
-Fruits, vegetables and whole grains
-example: Asparagus Oatmeal Onions Garlic Chicory Barley Berries Legumes(peas and beans)
What is a disease?
Damage or injury that impairs host function
Give some non-inf3ctious diseases
Diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, certain cancers
Give some infectious diseases
Measles, influenza, malaria, HIV, HBV,certain cancers
What are the types of sources?
Exogenous
Endogenous
What are exogenous infections?
Externally acquired non-commensals
Influenza, chicken pox common cold tuberculosis, cholera, HIV
What are endogenous infections?
A result of the host microbiome. Usually due to loss of commensalism balance
Thrush(C. albicans)
Folliculitis (S. aureus)
Bacterial vaginosis (lactobacillus)
Describe how Candida spp. can be an endogenous infection?
Microbiome: Candida spp. naturally present in the mouth
Condition: poor oral hygiene in immunocompromised infants, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or other immunosuppressive therapy
Result: disruption in normal flora
Overgrowth by candida resulting in oral thrush (mucocutaneous candidiasis
Describe how influenza can cause an exogenous infection
Microbiome: not part of the normal human microbiome
Condition: exposure or contact with droplets contain8ng influenza virus from an infected individual or animal
Result: disruption or normal flora
Invasion and replication of the influenza virus resulting in flu symptoms
What are transmissible infectious disease?
From source(air, water, food, contact) infects person upon exposure
Direct or indirect transmission leads this disease to be caught by others
What are non-transmissible infectious diseases?
From source(air, water, food, contact) infects person upon exposure
The person contracts disease and is a dead end host
What is a dead end host?
Person contracts disease from source(air, water, food, contact)
But it doesn’t move to another host as it is non-transmissible
West Nile virus, rabies virus, Lyme disease
Give examples of diseases that are non-transmissible/dead end hosts
West Nile virus, rabies virus, Lyme disease
What is a pathogen?
A bacterium, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease
What are the stages of infectious disease?
- Incubation
- Prodromal
- Period of illness
- Period of decline
- Period of convalescence
Describe the incubation period
Duration of time from acquisition of an infectious pathogen to presentation of signs and symptoms
-pathogen is adjusting to the environment and acquiring nutrients for replication
- Varying in duration:
- acute (hours to days)
- chronic(weeks to months, possibly even years)
- Latent (pathogen goes dominant / inactive for extended periods)
What is incubation period influenced with
- Influenced by virulence (strength) of pathogen
- Size of infective dose
- Strength of the host immune system
- Site of infection
What happens during prodromal period?
During this period there are nonspecific sings and symptoms
What is the droid of illness characterized by?
During this period signs and symptoms of the infection are most obvious and severe
What is the period 9f decline characterized by?
During this period signs and symptoms f the infection begin to decline
What is the period of convalescence ?
Period denoted by host recovery, there may also be lasting damage from the infection
What is a persistent infection?
Infections which are not completely eliminated by immune system
What are the types of persistent infections?
- Chronic infections
2. Latent infections
What are latent infections?
- Not actively replicating/not replicating at detectable rates
- May become reactivated under certain conditions
What are chronic infections ?
- longer duration
- develops slowly
- Shedding for long periods
