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Microbiology PMY 3 > Intro To Viruses > Flashcards

Intro To Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is viral replication?

A

Virus processes new genomes

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2
Q

What are the special cases of viral replication?

A

Special cases require specific viral enzymes:

  • RNA dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)
  • RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RNA replicase)
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3
Q

What factors define a virus’ tropism?

A
  • the viral glycoproteins (VAP) integrated in the outer coat: either the capsid or the envelope that target receptors are acting as doors on the surface of the host cells(susceptibility)
  • Presence of transcription factors allowing expression of viral genes
  • Presence of cell enzyme pathways to produce viral proteins is known as “permissivity”
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4
Q

What are viral tropisms?

A

The ability of a virus to infect a particular host

Might be limited to a single organ, tissue, specialized cell type or range of different organs and tissues

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5
Q

What are the stages in viral synthesis and replication?

A
  1. Attachment- to specific host cell receptors: this binding determines what cell can be infected(tropism)
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating(release of nucleic acid)
  4. Macro molecular Synthesis
    -Early mRNA and protein synthesis:
    Proteins to shut off host cell
    Proteins to replicate viral genome(if needed)
  5. Postranslational modification of proteins
  6. Assembly of new virus particles
  7. Release(lysis of the cell or budding out)
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6
Q

What are the steps in viral penetration and uncoating?

A
  1. Injection of the viral genome
  2. Fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane followed by release of viral genome
  3. Engulfment of the viral capsid by endocytosis
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7
Q

Differentiate early proteins and late proteins

A

Early proteins- synthesized early in viral life cycle after uncoating. Also responsible for the replica action of nucleic acid

Late proteins- participate in the formation of viral caspomeres like structural proteins

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8
Q

Briefly state how viral caspids formation

A

Caspid formation follows a self-assembly mechanism in most of the cases

Some viruses may use chaperones to fold the caspomeres

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9
Q

Briefly state how a viral envelope is formed

A

During viral release by exocytosis the viral caspids will grab cellular membrane in a form of envelope which is laced with viral proteins

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10
Q

How are virions released from the host cell?

A
  • cell lysis

- Budding from the plasma membrane

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11
Q

Under what circumstances are required for viral multiplication and cultivation ?

A

Cultivation is only possible in living cells, plants or animals

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12
Q

Describe bacteriophages growing on live bacterial culture

A
  • Bacteriophage+ host bacteria+ melted agar
  • Plaque formation is used for phage/virus counting
  • PFU(Plaque forming units) counting
  • Grown on solid bacterial culture or suspension
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13
Q

What benefits/circumstances permit/encourage viral growth in animals?

A
  • mice, rabbits, guinea pig
  • Expensive and ethically controversial
  • used in research
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14
Q

What circumstances encourage animal viral growth in embryonated eggs?

A
  • Convenient and inexpensive
  • The viral suspension is injected into the fluid of the egg
  • Viral growth is detected by death of the embryo or by lesion on the egg membrane
  • This is the most common way for production of viral vaccines
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15
Q

What are the types of cell cultures?

A

Primary cell cultures

Diploid cell strain

Continuous cell line

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16
Q

What is the benefit of cell culture in viral growth compared to animal or egg?

A

More convenient than animal or egg

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17
Q

How are cell cultures prepared?

A

Prepared from animal tissues treated with enzyme in order to separate the individual cells

Viral infection leads to cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque formation

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18
Q

Describe cell behavior in cell culture

A
  • cell culture uses homogenous collection of cells
  • The cells are grown as a suspension in solution/medium complimented with nutrients and growth factors
  • The cells can also adhere to glass/plastic surface in a form of mono layer
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19
Q

What is a primary cell culture?

A
  • Heterogenous-many cell types
  • Closest to animal/tissue/organ
  • Technically challenging
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20
Q

Describe the cell culture -Diploid cell strain

A
  • relatively homogenous-fewer cell types
  • Further from animal
  • Technically less hassle than primary cells
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21
Q

Describe the cell culture-continuous cell line

A
  • Easy to maintain in a suspension or as a mono layer
  • Genetically weird-furthest from the primary source
  • Immortal
  • Most homogenous type
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22
Q

What are possible effects of a virus on a host cell?

A
  1. Transformation into a tumor and tumor cell division
  2. death of cell and release of virus
  3. Slow release of virus from host cell without cell death
  4. Causes cell fusion
  5. Virus present but not replicating(latent infection) which may revert to lytic reaction
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23
Q

Name the 4 physical methods of virus detection and quantification

A
  1. Electron microscopy
  2. Hemmagglutination and hemagglatunation
  3. Immunoassay
  4. PCR
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24
Q

Describe electron microscopy as a viral detection and quantification method

A

A physical method which requires high concentrations and it’s cumbersome and slow

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25
Q

Describe Hemagglutination and hemagglutinatuon as a method of viral detection and quantification

A

A physical method, fast and easy but is generally not applicable

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26
Q

Describe immunoassay as a viral detection and quantification method

A

Fast, easy, reliable and widely applicable

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27
Q

Describe PCR as a viral identification and qualification method

A

Fast, extremely sensitive, and can be quantitative

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28
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects and replicated within bacteria and Archea

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29
Q

List the 5 Biological viral detection and qualification methods

A
  • Plaque assay
  • Focus-forming units(FFU)
  • TCID50
  • LD50
  • EID50
30
Q

What is focus-forming units?

A

Focus forming units(FFU)

Technique used to quantify viruses that do not lyse the cell to cause any PFU generation.

Relies on fluorescent LH labeled antibodies against viral cell surface cell

31
Q

What is plaque assay?

A

A plaque assay is a biological viral detection method that determine the number of plaque forming units in a virus

32
Q

What is TCID50?

A

Tissue culture infective dose-50% -biological viral detection method and signifies the concentration at which 50% of the cells are infected

33
Q

What is LD50?

A

Lethal dose 50% - a viral biological detection/quantification method detects the amount of a substance/virus that can kill 50% of the test population

34
Q

What is EID50?

A

Egg infective Dose 50%

35
Q

Bacteriophages are ubiquitous…what does this indicate?

A

Found where ever bacteria exist

36
Q

Bacteriophages can be either __________ or ________ encoding _______ or ________ genes

A

Simple.

Complex

Few

Hundreds

37
Q

What is permissivity?

A

The presence of cell enzyme pathways to produce viral proteins

38
Q

What are defective viruses?

A

Viruses that cannot infect host on its own and need a helper virus

39
Q

What are satellite viruses?

A

A type of defective virus that need the complementary function of unrelated helper virus

40
Q

Give 5 reasons why hepatitis D virus(HDV) is a good example of a defective virus

A
  • very small ssRNA virus
  • can only infect with the help of Hepatitis B(HBV)
  • shows similarities with the viroids in plants
  • produces a protein(delta antigen-HDAg)
41
Q

Why does hepatitis D require a Hepatitis B?

A

Hepatitis B virus provides the HBsAg antigen responsible for entry in the host

42
Q

Where are viroids found?

A

Only in plants so far

43
Q

What about virions suggest close evolutional origin?

A

Various virions are similar to each other suggesting close evolutional origin(~246,375 nucleotides)

44
Q

How do viroids usually enter?

A

Through wounds or damaged surface

45
Q

Describe the genome of viroids

A

Single stranded close circle RNA

Doesn’t code for proteins but RNA has enzymatic functions

Distribute from cell to cell through plasmodesmata

46
Q

How were prions first identified?

A

As transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

47
Q

What do prions cause?

A

Loss of motor control, dementia, paralysis, encephalitis, widespread neuronal loss

48
Q

How can prions be acquired?

A
  • infectious
  • hereditary
  • spontaneous
49
Q

How can prions be infectiously caught?

A

Diet, transfusion, surgical procedures, corneal transplants etc.

50
Q

Prions can spontaneously be caught?

A

Rate of about 1 million people usually late in life, or 1-2million infected worldwide

51
Q

Discuss how can Prions disease be caught due to being hereditary

A

Prion diseases- autosomal dominant mutation of PrP(chromosome 20)

-at least 10%-15% of total human transmissible SE cases

52
Q

How do Prions function?

A

Normal innocuous PrPc can change its shape to a harmful, disease-causing form PrPSc

  • thus conversion occurs through a chain reaction(catalytic conversion)
  • PrPSc form long filamentous aggregates that gradually damage neuronal tissue
53
Q

What are viroids?

A

Infectious RNA particles that don’t have a protein coat

54
Q

Describe according to the Baltimore system, group 1 viruses with an example

A

Double stranded DNA(+/-)-herpes

55
Q

Describe according to the Baltimore system, group 2 viruses, with an example

A

Group 2- single stranded DNA(+)-sense, parvovirus

56
Q

Describe according to the Baltimore system, group 3 viruses, with an example

A

Double stranded RNA (+) sense, rotavirus

57
Q

Describe using the Baltimore system, group 4 viruses, with an example

A

Single stranded RNA(+) sense, poliovirus

58
Q

Describe, according to the Baltimore system group 5 viruses, with an example

A

Single stranded RNA (-) antisense, measles virus

59
Q

Describe, according to the Baltimore system, group 6, with an example

A

Single stranded RNA (+)(RT) with DNA intermediate, HIV

60
Q

Describe, according to the Baltimore classification, group 7 viruses with an example

A

Double stranded DNA(+/-) (RT)

Partial dsDNA

Uses reverse transcriptase to enter genome or cell proteins for translation

Hepatitis b

61
Q

Give an example of Group 1 viruses and how they are encoded

A

dsDNA is copied for another genome by DNA dependent DNA polymerase(copies both strands)

DNA dependent RNA polymerase makes (+) viral mRNA and translates for viral proteins

Expamples: herpes virus

62
Q

How are group 2 sDNA Replicated

A

Sense(+) DNA single strand processed by DNA-dependent DNA polymerase to make dsDNA intermediate

Intermediate processed by dsDNA polymerase to form ss(-)DNA viral genome

63
Q

How are group 2 viral DNA formed?

A

Sense(+) DNA single strand processed by DNA-dependent DNA polymerase to make dsDNA intermediate

DNA-Dependent RNA polymerase forms (+)viral mRNA and translated to proteins

64
Q

How are group 7 viruses translated?

A

Partial dsDNA becomes full dsDNA and transcribed to mRNA then translated

65
Q

Which virus group uses reverse transcription?

A

Group 7, after becoming fully ds(Hepatitis B)

And

Group 6(HIV)

66
Q

How are group 6 viruses both translated and replicated

A

Single strand(+) sense converted to ss(-) DNA by RNA-Dependent DNA polymerase

ss(-) is reprocessed by RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and forms dsDNA intermediate

The intermediate can be converted to (+) viral mRNA which be translated OR ss(+) RNA viral genome(original product)

67
Q

How is group 5 translated and replicated?

A

(-) antisense strand RNA viral genome either converted to viral protein by RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase or

RNA Dependent RNA polymerase creates ss(+) RNA

then RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase creates single strandantisense RNA from sense single strand

68
Q

How are group 3 translated and replicated?

A

DsRNA -converted to viral mRNA via RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase which is then translated

RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase replicates dsRNA

69
Q

Which group. Of viruses can be translated to proteins using cell ribosomes?

A

Group 4- poliovirus(ss+RNA)

70
Q

How are group 4 translated and replicated?

A

Translated using ribosomes

Replicated using RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase converts it to ss(-)RNA then viral genome ss(+) RNA

Microbiology PMY 3 (24 decks)

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