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Microbiology PMY 3 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is immunity?

A

Resistance to a disease, specifically infectious disease

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2
Q

What is the immune system?

A

The collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections

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3
Q

What is an immune response?

A

The coordinated reaction of the cells and molecules to infectious microbes

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4
Q

What is the physiologic function of the immune system?

A

To prevent infections and eradicate established infections

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5
Q

How many lines of defense fir the immune system are there ?

A

3 lines of defense

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6
Q

Differentiate the first 2 lines of defense of the immune system from the 3 rd line of defense

A

First 2 lines of defense are nonspecific or innate

3rd line of defense, the immune response, is very specific or adaptive
-In the 3rd line of defense, special proteins called antibodies are produced in response to foreign substances called antigens

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7
Q

What line(s) of defense are innate/intrinsic ?

A

First and second line

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8
Q

What lines of defense use acquired/adaptive immunity?

A

3rd line of defense

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9
Q

Describe an innate response

A

First and second response is immediate to “new” and “repeat” invaders (non-specific)

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10
Q

Describe an adaptive response

A

Third response is delayed and highly specific in response to “new” invaders. Memory cells can respond to “repeat offender” rapidly

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11
Q

Describe the first line of defense?

A

-Skin and Mucous membranes as MAJOR physical barriers

  • Cellular and Chemical factors
    • pH, temperature, perspiration, cilia, and secreted enzymes
  • Microbial Antagonism
    • When indigenous microflora prevent colonization of “new arrivals” as a result of competition for sites and nutrients and production of lethal substances
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12
Q

What 8s microbial antagonism?

A

-When indigenous microflora prevent colonization of “new arrivals” as a result of competition for sites and nutrients and production of lethal substances

Part of the first line of defense

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13
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

The compliment system

A group of about 30 different proteins found in normal blood plasma including C3-“complementary” to the immune system

Complement components interact with each other in a stepwise manner known as the complement cascade, including cleavage of C3 to C3b (bound version)

-Opsonization is a process by which phagocytosis is facilitated by the deposition of antibodies or C3b onto microbes

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14
Q

What is opsonization ?

A

-When indigenous microflora prevent colonization of “new arrivals” as a result of competition for sites and nutrients and production of lethal substances

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15
Q

What is the second line of defense ?

A

Complement system(comeback to 9/65)

Cytokines

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16
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical mediators released from manu different types of cells in the body; enable cells to communicate with each other- within the immune system and other systems of the body

-second line of defense

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17
Q

What are interferons?

A

Type of cytokines

-small, antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells; they prevent viruses from multiplying

Interferons are virus specific, but they are species specific

-interferons can cause nonspecific “flu-like” symptoms

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18
Q

What are the types of interferons?

A
  • Alpha
  • beta
  • Gamma

Produced by 3 different types of cells

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19
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Phagocytic white blood cells and use a process by which they surround and engulf (ingest) foreign material is called phagocytosis

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20
Q

What are the types of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

A

The 3 major categories of leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood are monocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes

The 3 types of granulocytes are: eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils

The most important groups of phagocytes in the human body are macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells

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21
Q

What are the functions of Macrophages?

A

They are resident in the tissues and are the first responders to infection

  • recognize pathogens via Toll-like receptors
  • Phagocytosis
  • Cytokine production
  • Antigen presentation of intracellular bacteria to CD4+ T cells
  • Tissue repair
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22
Q

What are the functions of Neutrophils?

A
  • Recognize pathogens via receptors
  • Phagocytose microbes and destroy them with the toxic contents of the neutrophil granules, especially extracellular bacteria and fungi
  • Kill microbes with enzyme-rich granules and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
  • Die within hours, responsible for pus formation (pyogenic infection)
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23
Q

What are the Natural Killer cells (NK)?

A
  • NK cells are in a sub population of lymphocytes
  • They resemble lymphocytes, but lack typical T or B cell surface markers
  • Do not proliferate in response to antigen and appear not to be involved in antigen-specific recognition
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24
Q

What are the functions of NK cells?

A

NK cells kill target cells, including foreign cells, host cells infected with viruses or bacteria, and tumor cells

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Mast cells, Basophils and eosinophils

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26
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Contain intracellular compartments with pre-firmed effector molecules (ex. Histidine)

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27
Q

What are the functions of mast cells?

A
  • Granulocytes that resident in tissues

- Play a role in inflammation and allergies

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28
Q

What are basophils and eosinophils?

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Recruited to site of inflammation
  • Play a role in chronic allergies
  • Important fire infections with parasites (worms, etc.)
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29
Q

What are Dendritic cells?

A

A specialized type of leukocyte called Dendritic cells (DC) are important for Antigen Presentation, also called APC(antigen presenting cell)

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30
Q

What are the functions of dendritic cells?

A
  • DC cells capture antigens in tissue via phagocytosis
  • DC process antigens and load onto a surface receptor
  • DC migrate to regional lymph node
  • DC present antigen to T cells
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31
Q

How do dendritic cells take up antigen ?

A

Via 2 ways and present peptide on Major Histocompatibility Complex

  • Extracellular antigens
  • Intracellular antigens
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32
Q

How do dendritic cells take up extracellular antigens?

A

Extracellular antigens are phagocytosed and presented on MHC Class II to CD4+ Helper T cells

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33
Q

How do dendritic cells take up intracellular antigens?

A

Intracellular antigens, like viruses, are translated in the cytosol and presented on MHC Class I to CD 8+ Cytotoxic T cells

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34
Q

What is inflammation?

A

The body responds to any local injury, irritation, microbial invasion, or bacterial toxin by a complex series of events referred to as inflammation

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35
Q

What are the 3 major events of inflammation?

A

the 3 major events in acute influenza are:

  • An increase in the diameter of capillaries (vasodilation) which increases blood flow to the site
  • Increased permeability of the capillaries, allowing the escape of plasma and plasma proteins
  • Exit of leukocytes from the capillaries and their accumulation at the site of injury.
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36
Q

What are the purposes of inflammation?

A
  • To localize infection
  • To prevent spread of pathogens
  • To destroy and detoxify pathogens
  • To aid in repair and healing
  • To remove harmful stimuli(damaged cells, pathogens, irritants etc.)
  • To initiate the healing process
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37
Q

What are the classical signs of inflammation?

A

P.R.I.S.H. (I=inflammation)

  • Pain
  • Heat
  • redness
  • Swelling
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38
Q

What line of defense are dendritic cells classified as?

A

Second to third line of defense

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39
Q

What is inflammatory exudate?

A

The accumulation of fluid, cells and cellular debris at the inflammation site

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40
Q

What is purulent exudate/pus?

A

If inflammatory exudate is thick and greenish-yellow, containing many live and dead leukocytes, it is known as a purulent exudate/pus

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41
Q

What are pyogenic microorganisms? How are they consequential to pus formation?

A

Pyogenic microorganisms (pus-producing microorganisms) like Staph aureus or Strep pyogenes result in additional pus formation

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42
Q

Do all inflammatory responses form pus or exudate?

A

In many inflammatory responses (e.g., arthritis) there is no exudate and no invading microorganisms

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43
Q

Distinguish the lines of defense in detail

A

First-anatomical and physiological barriers -intact skin, ciliary clearance, low stomach pHlysozyje in tears and saliva

Second - innate- cellular=NK and T cells,neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells

Humoral- complement, antimicrobial proteins, mannose binding Lectin, LPS binding proteins, C-reactive protein

Third line- cellular- T cells, B cells

Humorous- antibodies

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44
Q

What are the primary functions 9f adaptive immune system?

A
  • differentiate between “self” and “non-self”

- destroy “non-self “

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45
Q

Where do adaptive immune system cells originate?

A

Cells involved in these immune responses originate in bone marrow and activated in lymph nodes

46
Q

What are the 3 lines of lymphocytes derived from lymphoid stem cells?

A

3 lines of lymphocytes are derived from lymphoid stem cells of bone marrow: B lymphocytes(or B cells), T lymphocytes (or T cells) and natural killer cells (NK) cells

47
Q

What are the functions of primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Education- T cells develop in Bone marrow

—> thymus B cells develop in bone marrow

48
Q

What are the functions of secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

Dispersed throughout body and connected via lymphatics; site of T cell and B cell activation

49
Q

What are the encapsulated secondary lymphoid organs? What are there functions?

A

Encapsulated- lymph node and spleen

Lymph node- immune response to antigens in tissues

Spleen- to antigens in blood

50
Q

What is the unencapsulated secondary lymphatic organ? What is its function?

A

MALT (Mucousal associated lymphoid tissue)

Function- to antigens at mucousal surfaces

51
Q

How does a lymph undertake immune function?

A

In context of infection, Dendritic cells (APC) and soluble antigens enter lymph node

B and T cells:

  • recognize antigen
    • T cells recognize peptides on APC
    • B cells recognize soluble antigens with surface immunoglobin
  • antigen
  • clonally expand
  • differentiate
  • Activated T cells travel to infection site
  • B cells remain in LN(lymph node) and secrete antibodies
52
Q

What are the two major arms of the adaptive immune system?

A

Humoral

Cellular

53
Q

What comprises the cellular arm of the two major arms of the adaptive immune system?

A

Effector CD4+ Helper T cells activate macrophages and CD8+ Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) destroy host cells infected with intracellular pathogens

54
Q

What comprises the humoral arm of the two major arms of the adaptive immune system?

A

B cells secrete soluble antigen-specific antibodies to neutralize extracellular pathogens

55
Q

How fast does the adaptive immune system respond to the first encounter of antigens?

A

First encounter: Naive to activated lymphocytes respond in about 1 week

56
Q

How fast do memory cells respond to the second encounter ?

A

Second encounter: Memory lymphocytes respond in about 1 day

57
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  • Proteins produced by activated B cells in response to the presence of an antigen
  • In a class of proteins called immunoglobins Ig-globular glycoproteins that participate in immune reactions
58
Q

Briefly contrast how humoral immunity and cell mediated

A

Humoral immunity- secretes antibodies to block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes

Cell mediated-elimination of phagocytosed microbes(helper T cells)

Or

Kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)

59
Q

What are the number of and types of antibodies produced depend on?

A

The amount and type of antibodies produced by a given antigenic stimulation depend on the nature of the antigen, the site of antigenic stimulus, the amount of antigen and the number of times the person is exposed to the antigen

60
Q

Why do B cells process antigens and cytokines?

A

The processing of antigens and cytokine activation results in B cells developing into plasma cells, which are capable of secreting antibodies. B cells can develop memory from activating signals of helper CD4+ T cells

61
Q

What is the primary response?

A

The initial immune response to an antigen (it takes 7-14 days for antibodies to be produced)

62
Q

What is the secondary response?

A

The increased production of antibodies following the second exposure to a particular antigen

63
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A

1st to circulate, indicates primary infection; activates complement

64
Q

What s the function of IgG?

A

Most abundant and indicated immunity to past infection; crosses walls of blood vessels and placenta; protects against bacteria, viruses and toxins; activates complement

65
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

Produced by cells in mucous membranes; prevent attachment of viruses/bacteria to epithelial surfaces; also found in saliva, tears, and perspiration

66
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

Found in surfaces of B cells; involved in maturation and differentiation of B cells into plasma and memory cells

67
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Very large; small in quantity; defense against parasites and histamines-allergic reaction

68
Q

Where is IgM located?

A

Blood

69
Q

Where is IgG located?

A

Everywhere

70
Q

Where is a IgA located?

A

Mucousal

71
Q

Where is IgE located?

A

Connective/skin/mucousal

72
Q

How does the mother pass on IgA and IgG?

A

IgG is passed to fetus

IgA is passed to neonate via milk

73
Q

What are the ways in which antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by?

A
  1. Neutralization (blocks viral binding sites; coats bacteria and/or opsonization)
  2. Agglutination of antigen-bearing particles, such as microbes
  3. Precipitation of soluble antigens

1-3 enhances phagocytosis

  1. Complement fixation (activation of complement)and leads to cell lysis
74
Q

What are the functions of helper CD4+ T cells?

A

Helper CD4+ T cells will recognize antigen presented on macrophages or B cells and “help” with activating cytokines

  • Macrophages can kill intracellular microbes more efficiently
  • B cells are activated to secrete cytokines and to induce memory
75
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells?

A

-Protein antigens of microbes that live in the cytoplasm of infected cells (esp. viruses) are recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, whose function is to kill infected cells

76
Q

What is adaptive/acquired immunity?

A

Immunity that results from the active production or receipt of antibodies during one’s lifetime

77
Q

What is Active acquired immunity?

A
  • Antibodies are produced within the person by B cells(plasma cells)
  • Provides long lasting protection (memory cells)
  • Can be artificial induced with vaccine
78
Q

What is passive acquired immunity?

A
  • Antibodies are received that were produced by another person or persons or by an animal
  • Usually provides only temporary protection
79
Q

What are vaccine introduction?

A

Vaccines create long-lasting immunity without infection

80
Q

Give an example of natural passive

A

Moms pass IgG (placenta) and IgA(breast milk) to infant (maternal)

81
Q

Give an example of Natural active

A

Memory immune cells are established after infection(infection)

82
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

Administer IgG to high risk patient (antibody transfer)

83
Q

What is Artificial passive immunity?

A

Introduction of harmless agent related to infectious leads to establishment of memory immune cells(immunization)

84
Q

What are the types of vaccines?

A
  1. Live, attenuated
  2. Killed, inactivated
  3. Passive IgG
  4. Subunit
  5. DNA vaccines
85
Q

What are DNA vaccines?

A

engineered gene fragment encoding antigen is delivered to host via viral package

86
Q

What is Passive IgG vaccine?

A

Purified immunoglobin administered for high risk of exposure immune-protection is very transient

Used for rabies

87
Q

What are killed/inactivated vaccines?

A

Previously virulent micro-organisms killed by chemicals or heat incomplete or short-lived immune response may occur

Used for influenza shot, rabies

88
Q

What are live, attenuated vaccines?

A

Live microbe cultivated under conditions that disable their virulence preferred type of healthy patients, not with compromised immune systems

Used for measles/mumps/ rubella (MMR)

89
Q

What are subunit viruses?

A

An extracellular fragment of the microbe can create an immune response require adjuvant for second signal and boosters

Toxoids= tetanus (DPT)

Conjugate to sugar capsule= hib

90
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Refers to an overly sensitive immune system

91
Q

What are the different types of hypersensitivity?

A

Immediate type: occurs from within a few minutes to 24 hours after contact with a particular antigen.
-Type I, II, and III hypersensitivity reactions

Delayed type: usually takes more than 24 hours to manifest
-Also known as type IV hypersensitivity reactions

92
Q

What is the most frequent disorder of the immune system?

A

Allergies-the most frequent disorders of the immune system, estimated to affect about 20% of the popular

93
Q

What is an allergy?

A

A rapid, IgE antibody and mast cell-mediated vascular and smooth muscle reaction, often followed by inflammation

94
Q

What are the common types of type 1 hypersensitivity ?

A

Common types of type 1 hypersensitivity include asthma, food allergies, local wheal and flare, and anaphylactic shock

95
Q

Explain the process of type 1 hypersensitivity: allergy

A
  1. First exposure to allergen
  2. Antigen activation of T helper cells and stimulation of IgE class and switching in B cells
  3. Production of IgE
  4. Binding of IgE to FceRI on mast cells
  5. Repeat exposure to allergen
  6. Activation of mast cells: release of mediators
96
Q

What are anaphylactic reactions?

A

Anaphylactic reactions are serious systemic allergic reactions can be prevented avoiding known allergens, like peanuts

97
Q

What are skin tests used for?

A

Skin tests (scratch tests) are used to identify offending allergens in patients

-A positive test is indicated if cutaneous reaction occurs at the site of the scratch

98
Q

How can allergies be treated?

A

Immunotherapy (i.el allergen shots-IM doses of the allergen ) May be used to treat the patient)

IgG blocking antibodies are produced in response to allergy shots

99
Q

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions are cyto-lytic reactions, meaning cells are destroyed if antibody is bound

Rhesus disease in newborn is a classic example

100
Q

What is the sequence of examples in a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction ?

A
  1. An Rh(-) mom produces antibodies to Rh(+) blood cells
  2. The Anti-Rh IgG antibody passes the placenta
  3. The Anti-Rh antibody from mom binds to the surface of a fetus Rh(+) blood cell
  4. Complement activation on the cell surface is initiated
  5. The complement cascade leads to lysis of the cell
  6. Fetus develops severe anemia
101
Q

What happens when a Rh-negative woman carries a Rh-positive fetus?

A

She will produce Rh-antibodies if fetal cells leak into the maternal curculation(normally during labor of first child or miscarriages)

Subsequent pregnancies are more susceptible to developing HDN

The IgG antibodies cross the placenta and bind fetal red cells

102
Q

What is type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Immune complex reactions- such as those that occur in serum sickness and certain autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus, erythematosus SLE and rheumatoid arthritis )

-Involve IgG and IgM antibodies, complement and neutrophils

103
Q

Untreated/ inadequately treated of street throat and other Streptococcus pyogenes infections result in…

A

Type III hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

104
Q

What is a type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A
  • delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) or cell-mediated immune reactions, and are part of cell-mediated immunity
    • Reactions are usually observed 24-48 hours or longer after exposure or contact.

A classic example of DTH is a positive TB skin test (also called PPD test) to test for memory T cells for Mycibacterium tuberculosis

105
Q

What is the prime mode of defense against intracellular bacteria and fungi?

A

DTH

Involved a variety of cel, types, including macrophages, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and NK cells

106
Q

How does delayed hypersensitivity IV respond to infections?

A

Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, CD4+( and sometimes CD8+ cells) respond to tissue antigens by secreting cytokines that stimulate inflammation and activate phagocytes, leading to tissue injury

-In some diseases, CD8+ CTLs directly kill tissue cells

107
Q

What are autoimmune diseases?

A

Result when a person’s immune system no longer recognizes certain body tissues as “self” and attempts to destroy those tissues as if they were “non-self “ or foreign

-May occur I with certain tissues that are not exposed to the immune system during fetal development and, thus, are not recognized as “self”

108
Q

How many autoimmune diseases are there? How can they be classified?

A

There are more than 80 recognized autoimmune diseases

Can be classified as organ-specific and non-organ specific

Examples: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis

109
Q

Outline the complement cascade

A

Classical pathway(antibody complexes), MB lectin pathway (lectin binding pathogen surfaces) and Alternative pathway lead to complement activation

Complement activation leads to recruitment of inflammatory cells, opsonization of pathogens abs killing of pathogens

110
Q

How does opsonization of pathogens help the complement system?

A

Opsonization and phagocytosis- Binding if C3b or cb4 to microbe leads to phagocyte receptor recognizing C3b receptor and phagocytosis of microbe

Recruitment of Binding of C3b to microbe, release of c3a leads to destruction destruction of microbes by leukocytes via activation of leukocytes by c3a, c5a

Killing of pathogens-binding of C3b to pathogens, activation of late components of complement leading to osmotic lysis of bacteria via formation of membrane attack complex

Microbiology PMY 3 (24 decks)

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