RELATIONSHIPS- parental investments

Question 1

what is parental investment?

Answer 1

most evident sex diff is that males can opt out of parental invest where females cant. Through expending a large effort on courtship & mating,males in most species can afford to devote little parental care

Question 2

what do females need to do?

Answer 2

invest more to adoptive pressures

Question 3

what happens as brain increase?- why they invest more

Answer 3

as brain increased= more diff child births due to size of skull. to compensate children born relatively immature at 9 months compared to other animals

Question 4

how does that lead women to invest more?

Answer 4

females make large investment pre-natal and post natal because are required to care for child during preg followed by years of care after infancy.

Question 5

what is female investment? & who said it

Answer 5

more higher than males who can invest few moments of copulation and teaspoonful of semen (symons)

Question 6

what do males need to do?

Answer 6

when they do invest in f and children = under pressure from protecting selves from cuckoldry

Question 7

what is cuckoldry?

Answer 7

risk of investing in child not their own.

Question 8

why does this happen with males (cuck)? &who suggested

Answer 8

because males not sure of paternity while females can. due to this males = greater concern about fidelity in their mating partners than mates (miller)

Question 9

research studies for parental investment?

Answer 9

buss et al 
baker et al 
buss et al 
gross & shine
anderson et al

Question 10

what did buss et al suggest?

Answer 10

sexual jealousy may have evolved as possible solution to prob. men more jealous of sexual act itself while women jealous of shift in emotional & loss of resources & investment into other women

Question 11

what are 2 consequences due to high cost of maternal investment?

Answer 11

infant dependency=

Question 12

what are 2 consequences due to high cost of maternal investment?

Answer 12

infant dependency= f want male providers but also expense of child careing means want to ensure good qual children too. 1 way to achieve- many men good resources and who caring yet shop around 4 men w good genes through extra maritl affairs w “studs” and attractive men may not have resurces.

Question 13

what did baker et al say?

Answer 13

found results from 1 mag survey of over 2200 uk women. 14 % could be due to extra marital affairs.

Question 14

positive of baker et al?

Answer 14

supports theory of sex differences and parental i

Question 15

critiscm of baker et al?

Answer 15

sample small in comparison to pop of uk and diff to extrapolate data due to wider gen
sample suffered cultural bias uk women (ethnocentric)
results could be certain demograph readership
content may attract those who engage in marital affairs =bias results
hard to establish cause and effect

Question 16

what did buss et al do?

Answer 16

found male vs studes = more common of sexual infiden whereas f expressed greater concern in emotion inf. also suppoeted physiological response when responsdants were asked to image scene of sexual/emotion inf. men= distress with sexua etc.

Question 17

does buss et al support theory?

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

critiscm of buss et al?

Answer 18

cultural bias (us students)
age group may not be indicative of whole pop as simple young adults.

Question 19

what did gross & shine suggest?

Answer 19

reported that internal fetilization parental care is carried out by 86% of f. while external parental care carried by m in 70 % of species supporting predictions based on parental certainty.

Question 20

what did anderson et al say?

Answer 20

looked at investments by fathers in college of biological and step children. finding highest when biological father lived with mother and child so it supports theory

Question 21

crtiscm of anderson?

Answer 21

investments were equal in other instances which does not appear to support overall.

Question 22

it is said that?

Answer 22

men do restrict reproductive opportunites investing more heavily in each individ offspring

Question 23

eval of p.i (1)?

Answer 23

deterministic- no factor peoples ability 4 concious thought and free will. many f look after children not their own as as men. and couples adopt putting equal energy highlighting breakaway of genetic programming.

Question 24

eval of p.i (2)?

Answer 24

theory exp sexual diff= reductionist - simple nature than nurture. humans far more complex.

Question 25

eval of p.i (3)?

Answer 25

suffers gender bias = men cheat but theyre cases where both genders behave this way.men need willing female

Question 26

eval of p.i (4)?

Answer 26

as most eco theories explaining diff =post hoc = difficult to prove/disprove (popper)