RELATIONSHIPS- parental investments Flashcards
what is parental investment?
most evident sex diff is that males can opt out of parental invest where females cant. Through expending a large effort on courtship & mating,males in most species can afford to devote little parental care
what do females need to do?
invest more to adoptive pressures
what happens as brain increase?- why they invest more
as brain increased= more diff child births due to size of skull. to compensate children born relatively immature at 9 months compared to other animals
how does that lead women to invest more?
females make large investment pre-natal and post natal because are required to care for child during preg followed by years of care after infancy.
what is female investment? & who said it
more higher than males who can invest few moments of copulation and teaspoonful of semen (symons)
what do males need to do?
when they do invest in f and children = under pressure from protecting selves from cuckoldry
what is cuckoldry?
risk of investing in child not their own.
why does this happen with males (cuck)? &who suggested
because males not sure of paternity while females can. due to this males = greater concern about fidelity in their mating partners than mates (miller)
research studies for parental investment?
buss et al baker et al buss et al gross & shine anderson et al
what did buss et al suggest?
sexual jealousy may have evolved as possible solution to prob. men more jealous of sexual act itself while women jealous of shift in emotional & loss of resources & investment into other women
what are 2 consequences due to high cost of maternal investment?
infant dependency=
what are 2 consequences due to high cost of maternal investment?
infant dependency= f want male providers but also expense of child careing means want to ensure good qual children too. 1 way to achieve- many men good resources and who caring yet shop around 4 men w good genes through extra maritl affairs w “studs” and attractive men may not have resurces.
what did baker et al say?
found results from 1 mag survey of over 2200 uk women. 14 % could be due to extra marital affairs.
positive of baker et al?
supports theory of sex differences and parental i
critiscm of baker et al?
sample small in comparison to pop of uk and diff to extrapolate data due to wider gen
sample suffered cultural bias uk women (ethnocentric)
results could be certain demograph readership
content may attract those who engage in marital affairs =bias results
hard to establish cause and effect
what did buss et al do?
found male vs studes = more common of sexual infiden whereas f expressed greater concern in emotion inf. also suppoeted physiological response when responsdants were asked to image scene of sexual/emotion inf. men= distress with sexua etc.
does buss et al support theory?
yes
critiscm of buss et al?
cultural bias (us students) age group may not be indicative of whole pop as simple young adults.
what did gross & shine suggest?
reported that internal fetilization parental care is carried out by 86% of f. while external parental care carried by m in 70 % of species supporting predictions based on parental certainty.
what did anderson et al say?
looked at investments by fathers in college of biological and step children. finding highest when biological father lived with mother and child so it supports theory
crtiscm of anderson?
investments were equal in other instances which does not appear to support overall.
it is said that?
men do restrict reproductive opportunites investing more heavily in each individ offspring
eval of p.i (1)?
deterministic- no factor peoples ability 4 concious thought and free will. many f look after children not their own as as men. and couples adopt putting equal energy highlighting breakaway of genetic programming.
eval of p.i (2)?
theory exp sexual diff= reductionist - simple nature than nurture. humans far more complex.
eval of p.i (3)?
suffers gender bias = men cheat but theyre cases where both genders behave this way.men need willing female
eval of p.i (4)?
as most eco theories explaining diff =post hoc = difficult to prove/disprove (popper)
