Relatie tussen bewustzijn en aandacht + theorieën Flashcards
Spotlight metaphor
Baars: attention acts like a searchlight with which we grope in the dark. We see what falls within the spotlight. (Attention = selection mechanism
filter theorie
To what extent does filtering of information take place at an early or late stage? (Attention = selection mechanism).
Perceptual load theory
Bottleneck: only limited capacity is possible due to consciousness. (Attention = selection mechanism)
Premotor theory
Selective spatial attention ensures that attentionfor a certain position in space is already prepared by just looking at it or reaching (instead of moving, you make the move in your head)
Inattentional blindness
Being blind to obvious striking events because you are focusing on something specific. Or change blindness: not seeing anything change between two scenes because the blind spots in your field of vision fill the field as you expect to see.
james’s theory
To focus your attention on something, you must be conscious about it
Tononi and Koch
selective attention is necessary, but not sufficient to shape a conscious perception
allport
Attention or consciousness is not a separate function, it’s one whole concept.
Attention schema Graziano
Attention is a neural competence mechanism that depends on a person’s goals, expectations and condition. By being aware of this internal attention model, top-down control takes place in the brain.
sperling and block
You can have P-C, but if you don’t have A-C, there is no cognitive access to perception
Block’s A and P-C
Phenomenal or P-consciousness: this is the experience of a certain state, what it is like to experience that state. In contrast, access consciousness, or A-consciousness: the ability to speak rationally and reasonably and perform actions. Block asked himself the question “is it possible to experience and tell about it as a whole or can it be seen separately?
Selection and filtering
inked to the filter theory, spotlight theory, perceptual load theory. (Attention causes consciousness)
covert attention
focusing on something without moving our eyes
overt attention
the attention that becomes visible because of our eye movements
Top down
Top down = also called endogenous orientation: internal processes ensure the selection of attention
Bottom up
Bottom up = also called exogenous touch: what enters through our senses, so more externally
Exogenous attention
: attention that is directed by means of something that happened in the area.
Endogenous attention:
consciously choosing where you focus your attention. And don’t let yourself be distracted
Pop out effect
deviations that stand out, making it easier to observe. Often many endogenous or top down processes are required. But throughexogenous, bottom-up processes you see what stands out
Neuroanatomy attention
How attention works in our brain: a lot via the visual system. Dorsal system: ‘where’ route, action, grabbing, catching, moving. Ventral system: ‘what’ route, perceiving to recognize things without interacting with them. Other areas of interest: frontal and parietal lobes, subcortical structures such as thalamus and superior colliculi
Spatial attention and neglect
brain damage (often superior parietal lobe). Part visual field is no longer consciously perceived. Consequence: stimuli is not recognized properly or not seen at all.
Descartes’ interactionism
interaction takes place in the pineal gland. William Benjamin Carpenter proposed that physiological activity in one direction generates sensational consciousness, while in the other direction, sensations, emotions, and will-forces release the nerve power with which the relevant part of the brain is charged. Both could not explain how this exactly takes place.
Libet’s Conscious Mental Field Experiment
Libet’s Conscious Mental Field (CMF) works in both directions. In one direction, it offers “the mediator between the physical activities of nerve cells and the emergenceof subjective experience.” In the other ‘a causal ability to influence or alter the functions of a neuronal nervous system
Baars’ global workspace theory
consciousness is a functional biological adaptation. Facilities such as: accessing, disseminating and exchanging information, exercising global coordination and control flow through this functional biological pathway.
Neuronal Global workspace theory
Consciousness has a precise role inthe brain in terms of: selecting, amplifying and propagating relevant thoughts. It also provides a summary of the environment so that an individual can act
Eliminativism
consciousness does not exist; only material basis.
Epiphenomenalism
consciousness is a side effect in the process of converting sensory information into behavior
HOP / HOT theory:
HOP = higher order perception and HOT = higher order thoughts. Being aware of a mental state means that you can monitor first order mental states in a quasi-perceptual way. In HOT: a mental state is conscious when a person has a higher order thought aboutthe effect their current state has
Chinese Room argument (AI Searle)
The same, according to Searle, is true of computers, which are merely symbol-processing machines, without any understanding of their own actions. Strong artificial intelligence is therefore impossible.One answer to the problems raised by Searle comes from AI researchers John McCarthy and Robert Wilensky, who say that while no part of the system understands Chinese, the system as a whole can have a fluid conversation. While a processor alone may not be able to perform a particular task (understanding Chinese, drawing square roots), a full computer with the right program and input can.
Descartes’ theory on the relationship between conscious mind and body
- descartes dualisme
escartes is known for his praise: “I think, therefore I am!”. He said consciousness could be located pineal gland. Descartes dualism there are external things which makes our body andthere are more internal things, like thinking, which make our mind (= substance dualism). Also defined as: the body is material (extended) and our consciousness is non-material (nonextended). It doesn’t mean that when you understand the brain, you also understand consciousness because the brain is material and consciousness is nonmaterial
dual aspect theory
Opposite to this is property dualism (dual aspect theory): the world consists only of a substance; and must be expressed in properties. So alsocalled objective and subjective descriptions (properties). More tendency towards only physical substances: otherwise mental substances are not possible.
