REL STUD Flashcards
595 BCE Muhammad met __________, an older and wealthy widow. He was hired by ____________ as a “_________________” and eventually married her and they had ___ Children.
KHADIJAH, CARAVAN MANAGER, SIX CHILDREN
In 610 CE: ________________ appeared to Muhammad inside the cave
of ___________ and then revealed to him the first revelations of
_________ and told him that he is the prophet of God.
ANGEL JIBRIL, Mt. Hira, QUR’AN
5 Pillars of Islam
1.Shahada (Faith)
2.Salah (Prayer)
3.Zakat (Charity)
4.Sawm (Fasting)
5.Hajj (Pilgrimage)
who were the first four successors of
prophet Muhammad.
RASHIDUN
the 4 RASHIDUN
- ABU BAKR
- UMAR
- UTHMAN
- ALI IBN ABI TALIB and MUAWIYYAH
“al- Salamu ‘alaykum” which means “___________________”;
peace be upon you!
wa- ‘alaykum al- Salam which means
and upon you, peace
“_______________” which means “piety or holiness”
TAQWA
It is a declaration of faith that is considered to be the foundation of all other beliefs and practices of Islam.
SHAHADA
This part of the Shahada emphasizes the belief in the absolute oneness and uniqueness of Allah, the one true
God in Islam.
Tawhid (Oneness of God)
It is an obligation of Prayer which is a direct link between the believer and God.
SALAH
Muslims pray _____ times a day (dawn ______, midday_____, afternoon_____ , sunset____, nightfall______).
5, Fajr, Dhuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha
It is known as CHARITY/ALMSGIVING. Islam teaches that all things belong to God and wealth is held in trust by human beings.
Zakat
means “purification” and “growth” in
Arabic. It is intended to purify one’s wealth by giving a
portion to those in need, promoting social justice and
equality.
Zakat
Muslims are required to give
_____ of their accumulated wealth annually to those in
need, including the poor, the needy, and other eligible
categories specified in Islamic law.
2.5%
it is a pilgrimage to Mecca which must be performed by Muslims at least one in their lifetime.
HAJJ
all those things that are necessary to achieve the Allah’s promise of peace, Muslims strive to do it because they have the overarching principle that they imbibed in themselves. This principle is called
JIHAD
It is does not mean a HOLY WAR, but it actually means “TO STRUGGLE, TO STRIVE, TO EXERT EFFORT”
JIHAD
This practice is one of the methods of self purification which involves fasting and self control during the Holy Month of Ramadan.
SAWM
This practice is meant to embolden Muslims to pursue intimacy with Allah, to be patient, and to learn & appreciate the hardships by the poor and the needy. And BY FASTING, MUSLIMS OBTAIN THE FORGIVENESS OF THEIR PAST FAULTS.
SAWM
It is a sacred time for Muslims to pray as one community (umma) inside the mosque every friday. Before entering the Mosque, they perform the RITUAL ABLUTION (wudu) in order to purify their body and spirit before meeting Allah (swt).
JUM’AH
It is the “DAY OF SACRIFICES”, a four-day festival observed by the Muslims to commemorate the event of Allah appearing to Ibrahim (Abraham) in a dream, commanding him to sacrifice his son Ishmael to show his devotion to Allah.
EID AL ADHA
It is a holy month of fasting, introspection and prayer for Muslims, the followers of Islam. It is celebrated as the month during which Muhammad received the initial revelations of the Quran, the holy book for Muslims. Each day during _______________, Muslims do not eat or drink from sunrise to sunset. They are also supposed to avoid impure thoughts and bad behavior.
RAMADAN
It is a “FESTIVAL OF THE BREAKING OF THE FAST”. It is a three day celebration that marks the end of Ramadan, which is a month of prayer & fasting.Muslims attend communal worship, listen to khutma (sermon) and give zakat al-fitr (charity in the form of food).
EID AL FITR
Islam Doctrines
(a) belief in the oneness of Allah,
(b) belief in the prophets and in the guidance that they
bequeathed
(c) belief in the angels
(d) belief in the books
(e) belief in the Day of Judgment’
(f) belief in fate
Belief that there is One God, Supreme and Eternal, Creator and
Provider, Who is Merciful and Compassionate. God has
neither father nor mother, and no sons or daughters. God
has never fathered anyone, nor was He fathered. God has
no equals. He is God of all humankind, not of a special
tribe, race, or group of people.
Belief in the Oneness of God
Belief that Angels are pure and spiritually obedient beings, created
by God to fulfill His commands and worship Him tirelessly.
Belief in the Angels of God
Muslims believe in the Revelations sent by Almighty God
to His Prophets and Messengers, including the Qur’an,
the Torah, the Gospel, the Scrolls of Abraham and the
Psalms of David.
Belief in the Revelations (Books) of God
All Messengers and Prophets of God such as Noah,
Moses, Solomon, Jesus and Muhammad were mortal
human beings endowed with Divine Revelations and
appointed by God to teach humankind how to submit to
His will and obey His Laws.
Belief in the Prophets of God
Muslims believe that on the Day of Judgment, humans
will be judged for their actions in this life; those who
followed God’s guidance will be rewarded with paradise;
those who rejected God’s guidance will be punished with
hell.
Belief in the Day of Judgment
Muslims believe that Almighty God has knowledge of,
and control over, everything that exists in all time and space.
Belief in Premeasurement (Qadar)
After the world ends, Muslims believe that all people who
have died will be brought back to life (or, resurrected) in
order to face the Judgment rendered to each of them by
Almighty God.
Belief in Resurrection after Death
is known to be the KITAB AL-ALLAH or (book of God). It is believed to be the LITERAL WORD OF ALLAH
HOLY QUR’AN
The Qur’an consists of _____ _____ (chapters) and each composed of ____ (verses).
114 surahs, ayahs
This sacred text refers to the reports regarding the sayings and actions of the prophet Muhammad. It is considered to be an important guide in understanding the revelation in the Quran and has a significant influence in Islamic Law, second only to the Quran.
HADDITH
Islamic Dress
-Women: Hijab
-Men: Thobe
is a short, rounded skullcap. They are often worn for religious purposes especially during the five daily prayers.
taqiyah
It means “ritually correct” and particularly refers to food preparations and consumption.
HALAL PRACTICES
___________________ is the world’s oldest religion, according to many scholars, with roots and customs dating back more than _______ years.
Hinduism, 4,000
Hinduism is the ______ largest religion,
primarily practiced in India and
Nepal.
third
The Trimurti: The Three Major Gods
Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
The creator of the
universe, responsible for bringing
the world and all living beings into
existence.
Brahma
The preserver and
protector, who maintains balance
and order in the world. He is often
depicted in different forms or
avatars, such as Rama and Krishna.
Vishnu
The destroyer or
transformer, whose role is to bring
about change, often seen as
necessary for creation and renewal
in the cycle of life.
Shiva
The ultimate goal of Hindus is to achieve _____ (salvation), that is to make their ________ (soul) to be in communion with their ultimate god called Brahman.
moksha, atman
Hindus believed that “being one with the Brahman, means one’s soul (atman) is freed from the ____________________.”
CYCLE OF REBIRTH (Samsara)
it means duty, virtue, or morality that would help the individuals to become moral people or rather gives humans the opportunity to act virtuously.
Dharma
is like a personal code of conduct that varies for each individual. It’s about fulfilling your responsibilities to
maintain order and harmony in society.
Dharma
In this sense, Hindus must live according to ____________ by obeying and observing faithfully all that are stipulated in their sacred text called ________, and above all, by pursuing _________________
Dharma, VEDAS, MOKSHA
is the principle of cause and effect. It means
that every action you take has consequences good
actions bring good results, and bad actions bring bad
outcomes, either in this life or in future lives.
Karma
refers to the continuous cycle of life, death, and rebirth. The soul (Atman) keeps being reborn into
new bodies until it reaches liberation.
Samsara
is the ultimate spiritual goal in Hinduism. It’s the state of being free from the cycle of Samsara,
where the soul merges with the divine (Brahman) and is liberated from worldly desires and attachments.
Moksha
_____________ is the individual soul, while __________ is the universal soul or ultimate reality.
Atman, Brahman
In Hinduism, there are three major approaches for completing the human journey to moksha; (1) ____________, (2) ________________, (3) _________________
Jnana Marga, Karma Marga, Bhakti Marga
IT MEANS FREEING ONESELF FROM “IGNORANCE”. Ignorance here is understood as a way of looking at life as simply about satisfying one’s physical self.
Jnana Marga
is done by renouncing oneself from self-centeredness (impatience, unkindness, insensitivity, greed), sensual pleasures and material goods.
Jnana Marga
IT MEANS DOING GOOD ACTION.
Karma Marga (Way of Action)
Karma Marga involves
-Being faithful to regular worship of the Godhead called Brahman
-Doing good by fulfilling every duty that Dharma requires
IT MEANS HAVING HEARTFELT DEVOTION TO GOD; that is, in every act of worship, it must be propelled by love for God.
BHAKTI MARGA (Way of Devotion)
Society in Hinduism is traditionally divided into
four groups (Varna), each with its duties:
Brahmins (priests),
Kshatriyas (warriors),
Vaishyas (merchants),
Shudras (laborers).
Life is also divided into four stages (Ashrama): ___________, ____________, ____________, and __________, with specific responsibilities at each stage.
student, householder, hermit, and renunciant
Cows are believed to be a _________________, so killing them and eating beef is prohibited
sign of abundance
pure foods, helps in clear thinking, feeling peaceful, and staying balanced (fruits, veggies, grains)
Sattvic
makes one less sharp, feel lazy, and tired (meat, fish, onions, garlic)
Rajasic
gets one too excited, losing composure and focus (spicy meals, coffee, chocolate)
Tamasic
or non-violence, is the
principle of causing no harm to living
beings, whether in thought, word, or
action.
Ahimsa (NON-VIOLENCE)
refers to the practice of
truthfulness in thoughts, speech, and
action.
Satya (TRUTHFULNESS)
governs the moral law of
cause and effect, where every
action has consequences, both in
this life and future ones.
Karma (MORAL CONSEQUENCE)
is an expression of love and
duty toward others, often performed
without expecting anything in return.
Seva (SELFLESS SERVICE)
Hindu worship is called _______
puja.
is an image or statue of a
god.
murti
This blessed food in Hinduism is known as “___________”
prashad
is mixed with water to make a paste. A red dot (bindi) is placed on the foreheads of the worshippers and of
the murtis.
Red kum kum powder
The Hindu place of worship is called
a _________ or Temple.
Mandir
THE FESTIVAL OF LIGHTS
DIWALI
THE FESTIVAL OF COLORS
HOLI
is a religion that is centered on ending suffering through renouncing material desires and attaining enlightenment
Buddhism
The principles of Buddhism were first propagated by _________ named _____________________, the founder of the religion.
Buddha, Siddharta Gautama
Buddhist spirituality focuses on attaining the ultimate goal, This goal aims to end suffering and reach ____________, a state of eternal peace and happiness.
Nirvana
are part of the core spirit of Buddhist spirituality, they focus on suffering as an inevitable part of life.
The Four Noble Truths
The first truth recognizes the existence of suffering and thus, it is part of every human condition.
THE TRUTH OF DUKKHA (Suffering)
include the shock of our being born into this World, Disability of Old Age, the Aches & Pains of our Diseases and our death.
physical sufferings
include our Union with the Unpleasant, Separation with the Pleasant, Feeling of Disappointment brought by failure of not having one’s desire, Fear of losing what one possesses
emotional sufferings
The second truth, meanwhile, points to the cause of suffering.
THE TRUTH OF SAMUDAYA (Source of Suffering)
Buddhists believe that one of the primary origins of suffering is the ____________ (craving/desire)
TANHA
refers to the the law of impermanence believed by Buddhists,
which emphasizes that everything is in flux, and thus nothing would
last long.
Anicca
The third truth states that there is an end of suffering either in one’s earthly or spiritual life.
THE TRUTH OF NIRODHA (The End of Suffering)
refers to the cessation or end of suffering.
Nirodha
The fourth truth outlines the means by which one can attain nirvana and reach an end of suffering.
THE TRUTH OF MAGGA (The path leading to the End of Suffering)
This means is referred to as the Noble Eightfold Path.
THE TRUTH OF MAGGA (The path leading to the End of Suffering)
is regarded in Buddhism as the way to reach enlightenment and freedom from suffering. It gives a concrete guide for ethical and mental development, with the objective of freeing man from delusion and attachment.
The Noble 8-fold Path
The Noble 8-fold Path
1.RIGHT UNDERSTANDING
2.RIGHT THOUGHT
3.RIGHT SPEECH
4.RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
5.RIGHT EFFORT
6.RIGHT MINDFULNESS
7.RIGHT CONCENTRATION
8.RIGHT ACTION
It means perceiving life and the world in their true state, and the correct knowledge of the Four Noble Truths.
RIGHT UNDERSTANDING
It means preventing oneself from thinking of immoral and harmful ideas and instead of filling one’s mind with thoughts of compassion and abandonment of material possessions.
RIGHT THOUGHT
It means practicing honesty and kindness in one’s words and abstaining from gossip and meaningless talk.
RIGHT SPEECH
It means renouncing ways of earning income which can harm oneself and put the lives of others in danger.
RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
It means preventing the possible emergence of immoral thoughts, abandoning immoral thoughts which have already surfaced, creating positive thoughts, and making sure that these positive thoughts are sustained and shared to other people.
RIGHT EFFORT
It means being aware of the different aspects of one’s existence, including the physical body, thoughts, and emotions.
RIGHT MINDFULNESS
It means being able to steer oneself away from distractions and seeing clearly one’s mind.
RIGHT CONCENTRATION
It means avoiding evil acts, those against the five precepts in Buddhism.
RIGHT ACTION
serve as a guide to Buddhists on how to lead life of virtue and morality.
the Five precepts
the Five precepts
1.The precept to abstain from destroying living beings (killing).
2.The precept to abstain from taking things not given (stealing).
3.The precept to abstain from sexual misconduct (fornication)
4.The precept to abstain from false speech (lying).
5.The precept to abstain from anything that causes intoxication (getting drunk or using illegal drugs.)
