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2C MIDTERMS > BIOCHEM LIPIDS > Flashcards

BIOCHEM LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

are a heterogeneous group of compounds, including fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and related compounds

A

LIPIDS

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2
Q

LIPIDS soluble in ___________ solvents such as _______ and ___________

A

nonpolar, ether, chloroform

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3
Q

Dietary supplementation with ______________________ is believed to have beneficial effects in a number of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and dementia.

A

long-chain ω3 fatty acids

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4
Q

Fat is stored in ___________

A

adipose tissue

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5
Q

Lipids are transported in the blood combined with proteins in _____________ particles

A

lipoprotein

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6
Q

include fats, oils, and waxes which are esters of fatty acids with various alcohols

A

Simple lipids

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7
Q

Esters of fatty acids with glycerol

A

Fats

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8
Q

Fats in the liquid state at room temperature

A

Oils

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9
Q

Esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight
monohydric alcohols

A

Waxes

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10
Q

are esters of fatty acids, which always contain an alcohol and one or more fatty acids, but which also
have other groups

A

Complex lipids

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11
Q

Contain a phosphoric acid residue.
They frequently have nitrogen-containing bases (eg,
choline) and other substituents

A

Phospholipids

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12
Q

Contain a fatty acid,
sphingosine, and carbohydrate.

A

Glycolipids

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13
Q

derivatives of C-20 fatty acids

A

EICOSANOIDS

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14
Q

In many phospholipids
the alcohol is glycerol (_____________________), but in
________________ it is sphingosine, which contains an amino group.

A

glycerophospholipids, sphingophospholipids

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15
Q

are formed from the hydrolysis of both simple and complex lipids

A

Derived Lipids

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16
Q

include bile salts, steroids, hormones, ketone bodies, lipid-soluble vitamins and polyprenoids

A

Derived Lipids

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17
Q

Fatty acids occur in the body mainly as _________________, but are found in the unesterified form as ________________, a transport form in the plasma.

A

esters in natural fats and oils, free fatty acids

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18
Q

__________ fatty acids end in –anoic

A

Saturated

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19
Q

______________ fatty acids with double bonds end in -enoic

A

unsaturated

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20
Q

►Carbon atoms are numbered starting from the _____________ (C1)
►carbon adjacent to carboxyl carbon (C2, C3,and C4) 🡪 ________________________________respectively
►terminal methyl carbon is known as ______________

A

carboxyl carbon, (alpha, beta and gamma carbons), omega carbon

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21
Q

Use _______ for indicating the number and position of the double bonds

A

delta

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22
Q

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
►Based on the CH3COOH or ____________ as the
first member of the series
►______ is progressively added between the terminal CH3 & the COOH groups

A

Acetic Acid, CH2

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23
Q

►carbons of saturated fatty acids form a _________ pattern at low temperature
►at higher temperature some bonds_________ causing shortening of the chain

A

Zigzag, Rotate

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24
Q

Number of C atoms in Acetic

A

2

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25
Q

Number of C atoms in Butyric

A

4

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26
Q

Number of C atoms in Valeric

A

5

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27
Q

Number of C atoms in Caproic

A

6

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28
Q

Number of C atoms in Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic

A

12, 14, 16, 18

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29
Q

acids, containing one double bond

A

Monounsaturated

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30
Q

acids, containing two or more double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated

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31
Q

These compounds, derived from eicosa (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty acids

A

EICOSANOIDS

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32
Q

_____________________ occurs in
unsaturated fatty acids because of the double bond

A

Geometric Isomerism

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33
Q

comprise the prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins
(LXs)

A

Eicosanoids

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34
Q

exist in virtually every mammalian tissue, acting as local hormones; they have important physiologic
and pharmacologic activities.

A

Prostaglandins

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35
Q

compounds that have the cyclopentane ring interrupted with an oxygen atom

A

thromboxane

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36
Q

are a third group
of eicosanoid derivatives formed via the lipoxygenase pathway
(see Figure 23–13). They are characterized by the presence of
three or four conjugated double bonds, respectively

A

The leukotrienes and lipoxins

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37
Q

Leukotrienes cause bronchoconstriction as well as being potent proinflammatory agents, and play a part in ___________

A

asthma

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38
Q

Double bonds in naturally occurring unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are nearly all in the cis configuration, the molecules being “bent” ________ at the double bond

A

120°

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39
Q

NON-ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
►Synthesized from products of _______ oxidation
►Non-essential in the sense that they do not necessarily be included in the diet

A

glucose

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40
Q

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
►__________ and __________ Acids
►Must be obtained from the diet
►No human enzyme system can
introduce a double bond beyond the ______ carbon atom of fatty acid

A

Linoleic, Linolenic, ninth

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41
Q

►Corn Oil, Peanut Oil, Cottonseed Oil and Soybeans

A

Linoleic Acid

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42
Q

►Linseed Oil and Evening Primrose Oil

A

Linolenic Acid

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43
Q

Detergent-like due to ____________________, have nonpolar (CH3) & polar (-COOH) ends

A

amphipathic nature

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44
Q

OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS
►_______________ in plant oils, __________________ in fish oils and ____________________ in fish & algal oils
►anti-inflammatory effects
►stimulatory effect in synthesis of less inflammatory prostaglandins & leukotrienes
►Potential use as therapy for chronic inflammatory disease

A

Alpha-linolenic (ALA), Ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexanenoic acid (DHA)

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45
Q

►Main storage form of fatty acids

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

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46
Q

Give rise to G1 Prostanoids and G3 Luekotrienes

A

Linoleic Acid

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47
Q

give rise to Group 2 Prostanoids, Group 4 Leukotrienes and Lipoxins

A

Arachidonic Acid

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48
Q

____________ give rise to
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)

A

Linoleic Acid

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49
Q

►give rise to Group 3 Prostanoids
and Group 5 Leukotrienes

A

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)

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50
Q

PHOSPHOLIPIDS are derivatives of __________________

A

Phosphatidic acid

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51
Q

________________________ containing choline are the most abundant phospholipids of the cell membrane and represent a large proportion of the body’s store of choline

A

Glycerophospholipids

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52
Q

is a very effective surface-active agent and a major constituent of the surfactant preventing adherence, due to surface tension, of the inner surfaces of the lungs

A

Dipalmitoyl lecithin

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53
Q

also plays a role in apoptosis(programmed cell death).

A

Phosphatidylserine

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54
Q

►found in most tissues; cell membranes
►ethanolamine and serine replaces choline in phosphatidylcholine

A

(Cephalin) and Phosphatidylserine

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55
Q

_______________ are found in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane lipid bilayer and are particularly abundant in specialized areas of the plasma membrane known as _________________

A

Sphingomyelins, lipid rafts

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56
Q

found only in the mitochondria; essential for mitochondrial function

A

Cardiolipin

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57
Q

►Found in oxidized lipoproteins and implicated in some of their effects in promoting atherosclerosis

A

Lysophosphatidylcholine
(Lysolecithin)

58
Q

►Constitute much as 10 -30 % of
phospholipids in brain and heart

A

Plasmalogens

59
Q

►Contain no glycerol, and on hydrolysis yield fatty acid, phosphoric acid, choline and sphingosine

A

Sphingomyelins

60
Q

►The combination of fatty acid plus sphingosine is known as ______________ a structure also found in glycosphingolipids

61
Q

principal sialic acid found in human tissue also present in the nervous tissue in high
concentration

A

►Neuraminic Acid

62
Q

►cell-cell recognition and cell communication
►receptors for hormones and bacterial
toxins, such as cholera toxin

A

Gangliosides

63
Q

►Often found as cholesterol ester,
where -OH group on sn-3 is
esterified with long chain fatty acid

A

►CHOLESTEROL

64
Q

►Derived from cholesterol by
scission of 3 carbon side chain

A

►BILE ACIDS:

65
Q

►Formed in liver from cholesterol

A

►PRIMARY BILE ACIDS

66
Q

►PRIMARY BILE ACIDS

A

►CHOLIC ACID
►CHENODEOXYCHOLIC
ACID

67
Q

Formed in intestine from primary bile acids through the
action of intestinal bacterial enzymes

A

►SECONDARY BILE ACIDS

68
Q

►SECONDARY BILE ACIDS

A

►DEOXYCHOLIC ACID
►LITHOCHOLIC ACID

69
Q

Synthesized from cholic acid
► Hydroxyl groups at carbons 3 and 12

A

►DEOXYCHOLIC ACID

70
Q

non-absorbable bile acids
► Synthesized from chenodeoxycholic acids
► OH group at carbon 3
► About 400 mg/day is excreted in feces daily

A

►LITHOCHOLIC ACID

71
Q

common precursor of STEROID HORMONES:

A

►Cholesterol,

72
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex:
Cortisol produced by ________________________

A

zona fasciculata

73
Q

►complexes of protein and lipids with noncovalent bonds

A

LIPOPROTEINS

74
Q

LIPOPROTEINS
► ______________ segment
directed inward
► ___________ face
the water outside

A

nonpolar, polar segments

75
Q

►Transport triacylglycerol from the liver to the tissues

A

►VERY-LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
(VLDL)

76
Q

________________________ of lipids exposed to oxygen forming peroxides is responsible not only for deterioration of foods (rancidity), but also for damage to tissues in vivo, where it may be a cause of cancer, inflammatory diseases ,atherosclerosis, and aging.

A

Peroxidation (auto-oxidation)

77
Q

►initial products of VLDL degradation

A

►INTERMEDIATE DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)

78
Q

►LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL)

79
Q

►HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL)

80
Q

►not steroid, but are related because they are
synthesized from five carbon isoprene units,
like cholesterol

A

POLYPRENOIDS

81
Q

*widely distributed in all cells of the body, particularly in CNS

A

CHOLESTEROL

82
Q

carries cholesterol & cholesteryl ester to many tissues

A

◦LDL (low density lipoprotein)

83
Q

◦removes free cholesterol from tissues & transports
them to the liver

A

◦HDL (high density lipoprotein)

84
Q

A major component of gallstones

A

CHOLESTEROL

85
Q

________________ is both an end point of fatty acid catabolism an the starting substrate for fatty acid synthesis

A

acetyl-CoA

86
Q

In plasma, longer-chain FFA are combined with ______________, and in cell they are attached to a fatty acid–binding protein

87
Q

Amount Product Formed (mol)/mol Palmitate for β-Oxidation FADH2

88
Q

Amount Product Formed (mol)/mol Palmitate for β-Oxidation NADH

89
Q

Fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria leads to the generation of large quantities of ATP by a process called_____________ that cleaves acetyl-CoA units sequentially from fatty acyl chains. The acetyl-CoA is oxidized in the citric acid cyce, generating further ATP

A

β-oxidation

90
Q

Fatty acids are synthesized by an _____________________, which is responsible for the complete synthesis of palmitate
from acetyl-CoA in the ________________

A

extramitochondrial system, cytosol

91
Q

In most mammals, _________
is the primary substrate for lipogenesis, but in ruminants it
is ___________, the main fuel molecule they obtain from the diet.

A

glucose, acetate

92
Q

The initial step in fatty acid synthesis is the carboxylation of
acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The reaction requires _______ and the _______________

A

B vitamin biotin

93
Q

converts surplus glucose and intermediates such
as pyruvate, lactate, and acetyl-CoA to fat, assisting the anabolic
phase of this feeding cycle.

A

Lipogenesis

94
Q

stimulates lipogenesis by several other mechanisms as well as by increasing acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity

95
Q

are the only fatty acids known to be essential for the complete nutrition of many species of animals, including humans, and are termed the nutritionally essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic and α-linolenic acids

96
Q

____________ plays an important role, promoting gene expression and induction of enzyme biosynthesis, and ______ (via cAMP) antagonizes this effect

A

Insulin, glucagon

97
Q

_____________________ in the cell membrane act as precursors of hormone second messengers, and platelet activating factor (PAF),

A

Inositol phospholipids

98
Q

Important substances
such as triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and cardiolipin, a constituent
of mitochondrial membranes, are formed from ___________________________

A

glycerol 3 -phosphate.

99
Q

____________________________ are found predominantly in the 1 position of phospholipids, whereas the ______________________________ (eg, the precursors of prostaglandins)are incorporated more frequently into the 2 position.

A

Long-chain saturated fatty acids , polyunsaturated fatty acids

100
Q

is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum from the amino acid serine as shown in

101
Q

is composed mainly of lipid with some proteins and carbohydrate and prevents the alveoli from collapsing

A

Lung surfactant

102
Q

Enzyme Deficiency of Tay-Sachs disease

A

Hexosaminidase A, S

103
Q

Enzyme Deficiency of Fabry disease

A

α-Galactosidase

104
Q

Enzyme Deficiency of Metachromatic
leukodystrophy

A

Arylsulfatase A

105
Q

Enzyme Deficiency of Krabbe disease

A

β-Galactosidase

106
Q

Enzyme Deficiency of Krabbe disease

A

β-Galactosidase

107
Q

Enzyme Deficiency of Gaucher disease

A

β-Glucosidase

108
Q

Enzyme Deficiency of Niemann-Pick
disease types A, B

A

Sphingomyelinase

109
Q

Enzyme Deficiency of Farber disease

A

Ceramidase

110
Q

Insulin deficiency causes excess mobilization
of FFAs + underusage of chylomicrons and VLDL →
hyper triacylglycerolemia

A

HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIAS

111
Q

CLASSES OF PLASMA LIPIDS

A

Cholesterol (14%)
Triacylglycerols (16%)
Phospholipids (30%)
Cholesteryl esters (36%)
Free fatty acids, FFAs (4%) → metabolically,
the most active of the plasma lipids

112
Q

Most active among plasma lipids

A

FREE FATTY ACIDS

113
Q

derived from intestinal absorption of t triacylglycerol (TAG) & other lipids

A

Chylomicrons

114
Q

derived from liver for the export of TAG

A

Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)

115
Q

represents final stage of VLDL catabolism

A

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

116
Q

involved in cholesterol transport + VLDL and chylomicron metabolism

A

High Density Lipoproteins

117
Q

Classification according to
electrophoretic properties

A

Alpha – (HDL)
Beta – (LDL)
Pre beta – (VLDL)

118
Q

Structure of Lipoproteins
- Nonpolar core =
________________________________
- Outer Layer = _______________________

A

triacylglycerol + cholesteryl
ester, phospholipid +
cholesterol

119
Q

`proteins that bind lipids to form lipoproteins

A

APOLIPOPROTEINS

120
Q

proteins that bind lipids to form lipoproteins

One or more may be present in each
lipoprotein

A

APOLIPOPROTEINS (apoprotein)

121
Q

Thought to have a role in chylomicron metabolism
May act as a regulator of satiety & glucose
homeostasis → potential therapeutic target for
treatment of diabetes and obesity

A

Apo A-IV

122
Q

important factor in human neurodegenerative
disease

123
Q

Major apoproteins of HDL

124
Q

Main apoproteins of LDL

A

apo B (B-100)

125
Q

form LDL (“bad cholesterol”),
have beta sheet structure, stick to lipids irreversibly

A

Apolipoprotein B

126
Q

form HDL (“good
cholesterol”), have alpha helix structures, stick to
lipids reversibly

A

apo A & other apolipoproteins

127
Q

Normal apoB100 levels → ____________________

A

40-125 mg/dL

128
Q

Found in chyle (formed by lymphatic system
draining the intestine)
Responsible for transport of all dietary lipids
into the circulation

transports triacylglycerol from liver to the
extrahepatic tissues

A

CHYLOMICRONS

129
Q

Apo ___ is essential for chylomicron & VLDL
formation

130
Q

Chylomicrons are cleared from the blood → half of them
disappear in < __ hour

131
Q

Where do fatty acids from chylomicron triacylglycerol go?
 ____ to adipose, heart & muscle
 ____ to liver

132
Q

The LDL receptor is specific for apo ________ but not apo B-48

133
Q

___ of LDL is degraded in extrahepatic
tissues; ____ degraded in liver

134
Q

needed for
the formation of the TAG-rich
particles and/or VLDL2

A

Phosphatidic acid

135
Q

accumulation of lipid, mainly TAG

A

Fatty liver

136
Q

Most common liver disorder worldwide

A

nonalcoholic
fatty liver

137
Q

Oxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase →
excess production of NADH → increased
esterification of fatty acids to form TAG → fatty liver

A

Alcoholic Fatty Liver

138
Q

Made from acyl-CoA +
glycerol-3-phosphate

A

Triacylglycerol (TAG)

139
Q

 Used for thermogeneration
 Where seen?
Animals waking up from hibernation
Animals exposed to cold (non-shivering thermogenesis)
Heat production in newborn

A

BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE

140
Q

protein involved in formation of lipid droplets in adipocytes
 Enables storage and breakdown of TAG as needed by the
body

141
Q

______________________ sympathetic nerve endings is important in
increasing lipolysis in tissues
Increasing synthesis of lipoprotein lipase to enhance
use of TAG-rich lipoproteins from the circulation

A

Norepinephrine

2C MIDTERMS (14 decks)

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