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2C MIDTERMS > BIOCHEM FATS > Flashcards

BIOCHEM FATS Flashcards

1
Q

►________ are heterogenous group of
compounds related more by their
physical properties rather than by their
chemical properties

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Lipids are:
► Relatively __________ in water and
► Soluble in _____________ solvents such as ether
and chloroform

A

insoluble, nonpolar

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3
Q

___________________ fatty acids have
beneficial effects in a number of
chronic diseases

A

long chain omega 3

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4
Q

►_____________________ act as electrical
insulators along myelinated
nerves

A

Nonpolar lipids

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5
Q

LIPIDS are transported in the blood
combined with proteins as ______________________

A

Lipoproteins

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6
Q

►esters of fatty acids with glycerol
►oils are fats in the liquid state

A

►FATS

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7
Q

►esters of fatty acids with higher
molecular weight monohydric
alcohol

A

►WAXES

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8
Q

►derivatives of C-20 fatty acids

A

►EICOSANOIDS

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9
Q

What are SIMPLE LIPIDS

A

Fats, Lipids, Eicosanoids

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10
Q

►esters of fatty acids containing groups in
addition to alcohol one or more fatty acids.

A

►COMPLEX LIPIDS

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11
Q

►containing in addition to fatty acids and
alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue
►frequently have nitrogen containing bases and
other substituents

A

►PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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12
Q

►lipids containing fatty acids,
sphingosine and carbohydrates

A

►GLYCOLIPIDS (GLYCOSHINGOLIPIDS)

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13
Q

►include bile salts, steroids, hormones,
ketone bodies, lipid-soluble vitamins
and polyprenoids

A

►DERIVED LIPIDS

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14
Q

►aliphatic carboxylic acids
►Occur in the body mainly as esters of
natural fats and oils

A

►FATTY ACIDS

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15
Q

►unesterified form as ________________,
a transport form in the plasma

A

free fatty acids

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16
Q

►Fatty acids occurring in natural fats
usually contain ______ number of
carbon atoms

A

even

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17
Q

►The chain containing no double bond

A

saturated

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18
Q

►The chain containing one or more
double bonds

A

unsaturated

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19
Q

►Saturated fatty acids end in __________

A

–anoic

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20
Q

►unsaturated fatty acids with double
bonds end in ______________

A

-enoic

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21
Q

►Carbon atoms are numbered from the
___________________ (C1)
►carbon adjacent to carboxyl carbon
(C2, C3,and C4) 🡪 ______, _______, and _______ carbons respectively
►terminal methyl carbon is known as
_______ carbon

A

carboxyl carbon, alpha, beta and
gamma, omega

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22
Q

►Use _____ for indicating the number and
position of the double bonds

A

delta

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23
Q

►Additional double bonds are introduced
only between an existing double bond at
the ________________
position

A

omega 9, omega 6, and omega 3

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24
Q

►Based on the ___________ as the
first member of the series
►_____ is progressively added between
the terminal CH3 & the COOH groups

A

CH3COOH, CH2

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25
Q

►carbons of saturated fatty acids form a
_________ pattern at low temperature

A

zigzag

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26
Q

►higher temperature some bonds ________
causing shortening of the chain

A

rotate

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27
Q

►thinning of _____________________ with increase in
temperature

A

biomembranes

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28
Q

►contain one double bond

A

►MONOUNSATURATED ACIDS:

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29
Q

►contain two or more double bonds

A

►POLYUNSATURATED ACIDS:

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30
Q

►______________________ occurs in
unsaturated fatty acids because of the
double bond

A

Geometric Isomerism

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31
Q

acyl chains are on the same
side of double bond

A

►CIS Isomer

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32
Q

acyl chains are on the opposite side of double bond

A

►TRANS Isomer

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33
Q

►present in certain foods
►byproduct in the saturation of fatty acids
during hydrogenation
►hardening of natural oil (margarine)

A

►TRANS Isomer

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34
Q

►compounds derived from eicosapolyenoic
acids (20-carbons) Comprise the:

A

►Prostanoids
►Leukotreines
►Lipoxins

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35
Q

►Consumption of ___________________________
is detrimental to health and is
associated with increased risk of
cardiovascular diseases and diabetes
mellitus

A

saturated fatty acids

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36
Q

►Synthesized from products of glucose
oxidation

A

NON-ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

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37
Q

►Must be obtained from the diet
►No human enzyme system can
introduce a double bond beyond the
ninth carbon atom of fatty acid

A

►ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

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38
Q

►Sources of Essential Fatty Acids

A

►Linoleic and Linolenic Acids

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39
Q

►Corn Oil, Peanut Oil, Cottonseed Oil
and Soybeans

A

►Linoleic Acid

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40
Q

►Linseed Oil and Evening Primrose Oil

A

►Linolenic Acid

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41
Q

►Melting point of even numbered
carbon FA increases with __________________
and decreases the greater the
_____________________

A

chain length, unsaturation

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42
Q

►Triacylglycerol containing three
saturated fatty acids of 12 carbons or
more is _______ at body temperature

A

solid

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43
Q

►_____________________ are liquid even in
below zero degree Celsius

A

polyunsaturated

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44
Q

OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS in plant oils,

A

►Alpha-linolenic (ALA)

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45
Q

OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS in fish oils

A

Ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

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46
Q

OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS in fish & algal oils

A

Docosahexanenoic acid (DHA)

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47
Q

►Main storage form of fatty acids

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

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48
Q

►Considered as local hormones functioning
through G- protein-linked receptors to elicit
their biochemical effects

A

EICOSANOIDS

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49
Q

►give rise to Group 1 Prostanoids and Group 3 Leukotrienes

A

►Linoleic Acids

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50
Q

►give rise to Group 2 Prostanoids, Group 4
Leukotrienes and Lipoxins

A

►Arachidonic Acid

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51
Q

►give rise to Group 3 Prostanoids and Group 5 Leukotrienes

A

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)

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52
Q

►Exists in every mammalian tissue acting as
local hormones
►Potent platelet aggregators

A

PROSTAGLANDINS

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53
Q

►Have the cyclopentane ring interrupted by
an oxygen atom
►Synthesized by leukocytes
►Causes vasoconstriction and platelet
aggregation

A

THROMBOXANES

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54
Q

►Produced in leukocytes, mastocytoma
cells, platelets and macrophages through
lipoxygenase pathway
►Play a role in asthma, causing
bronchoconstriction
►potent post inflammatory agents

A

LEUKOTRIENES

55
Q

►Family of conjugated tetraenes
(four conjugated double bonds)
►Also produced by leukocytes by
lipoxygenase pathway

A

LIPOXINS (LXs)

56
Q

►derivatives of Phosphatidic acid
►phosphate esterified with one OH
group of glycerol

A

►PHOSPHOLIPIDS

57
Q

►Both _______________________ and
_________________ have two long chain
hydrocarbon tail 🡪 lipid bilayer of cell
membranes

A

glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids

58
Q

►Glycerophospholipids containing choline

A

Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin)

59
Q

►most abundant phospholipids of cell
membrane
►important in nervous transmission, as
acetylcholine and as a store of labile
methyl group

A

Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin)

60
Q

►very effective surface-active agent
►major constituent of surfactant
preventing adherence due to surface
tension in lungs alveoli
►absence from premature infants’ lungs 🡪
respiratory distress syndrome

A

►Dipalmitoyl lecithin

61
Q

►found in most tissues; cell membranes
►ethanolamine and serine replaces
choline in phosphatidylcholine

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine (Cephalin)
and Phosphatidylserine

62
Q

► found only in the mitochondria; essential for
mitochondrial function

A

Cardiolipin

63
Q

►important in the metabolism and
interconversion of phospholipids
►Found in oxidized lipoproteins and
implicated in some of their effects in
promoting atherosclerosis

A

Lysolecithin

64
Q

►Constitute much as 10–30 % of
phospholipids in brain and heart

A

Plasmalogens

65
Q

►found in outer leaflet of cell
membrane lipid bilayer
►abundant in specialized areas
of plasma membrane known
as lipid rafts

A

Sphingomyelins

66
Q

►complex glycosphingolipids derived from
glucosylceramide

A

Gangliosides

67
Q

►cell-cell recognition and cell communication
►receptors for hormones and bacterial
toxins, such as cholera toxin

A

Gangliosides

68
Q

simplest ganglioside found in
tissue
►contain ceramide, one molecule of
glucose, one molecule of galactose and
one molecule of NeuAc

69
Q

more complex; derived from
GM3
►receptor in human intestine for cholera
toxin

70
Q

principal sialic acid found in human tissue

A

►Neuraminic Acid (NeuAC)

71
Q

present in the nervous tissue in high
concentration

A

Gangliosides

72
Q

best known for
association with atherosclerosis and
heart disease

A

►Cholesterol

73
Q

►widely distributed in all cells of the
body, particularly in CNS
►major constituent of plasma
membrane and plasma lipoproteins

A

►CHOLESTEROL

74
Q

►C-24 steroid
►Derived from cholesterol by
scission of 3 carbon side chain
►Saturation of delta 5 double bond
of cholesterol
►Hydroxylation of steroid nucleus

A

►BILE ACIDS

75
Q

►Formed in liver from cholesterol
►CHOLIC ACID
►CHENODEOXYCHOLIC
ACID

A

►PRIMARY BILE ACIDS

76
Q

►With hydroxyl groups at carbons
3, 7 and 12

A

►CHOLIC ACID

77
Q

►With OH groups at carbon 3 and 7
►Conjugated with glycine or
taurine forming bile salts

A

►CHENODEOXYCHOLIC
ACID

78
Q

► Formed in intestine from primary bile acids through the
action of intestinal bacterial enzymes

A

►SECONDARY BILE ACIDS

79
Q

► Synthesized from cholic acid
► Hydroxyl groups at carbons 3 and 12

A

►DEOXYCHOLIC ACID

80
Q

► non-absorbable bile acids
► Synthesized from chenodeoxycholic acids
► OH group at carbon 3
► About 400 mg/day is excreted in feces daily

A

►LITHOCHOLIC ACID

81
Q

►In humans, formed and secreted by
the:
►Adrenal Cortex, Testis, Ovary,
Placenta
►Cholesterol, common precursor

A

►STEROID HORMONES

82
Q

Cortisol is produced by _____________

A

zona fasciculata

83
Q

Aldosterone is produced by _____________

A

zona glomerulosa

84
Q

►Conversion of progesterone to
aldosterone involves: Hydroxylation of C-11 and & C-21 forming _______________

A

corticosterone

85
Q

►Produced by

►Leydig cells of testis, Adrenal cortex,
Ovary, Placenta

►Responsible for development of male
secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone ►C-19 steroid

86
Q

►Produced by:
►Corpus luteum; Placenta; Adrenal cortex
►Formation of progesterone from
pregnenolone involve

A

Progesterone
►C-21 steroid

87
Q

►Synthesized in the:
►Ovary (major); Adrenal cortex; Placenta
►Functions include:
►Stimulate proliferation and differentiation of
vaginal epithelium
►Proliferation & hypertrophy of uterine
mucosa
►Proliferation of breast ducts

88
Q

►complexes of protein and lipids with
noncovalent bonds
►major transporters of lipid

A

LIPOPROTEINS

89
Q

LIPOPROTEINS sphere with ____________________ (phosphatidylcholine) and _________________ forming the outer shell

A

protein & amphipathic lipid, unesterified cholesterol

90
Q

LIPOPROTEINS
► __________ segment
directed inward
► _____ segments face
the water outside
► __________________
(triglycerols and esterified cholesterol)
form inside of sphere

A

nonpolar, polar, nonpolar lipids

91
Q

►Triacylglycerol that are given a coat
composed of proteins, phospholipids, and
cholesterol esters

A

►CHYLOMICRONS

92
Q

►Transport triacylglycerol from the liver to
the tissues

A

►VERY-LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
(VLDL)

93
Q

►initial products of VLDL degradation

A

►INTERMEDIATE DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)

94
Q

►not steroid, but are related because they are
synthesized from five carbon isoprene units,
like cholesterol

A

POLYPRENOIDS

95
Q

►lipids exposed to oxygen 🡪 Peroxidation
(auto-oxidation)
►deterioration of foods

A

FREE RADICALS

96
Q

►control and reduce lipid peroxidation

A

antioxidants

97
Q

 Role of lipoproteins?
Transport of lipids from intestines as __________
Transport of lipids from liver as ______
Transport of lipids from adipose tissue as _____ bound to serum albumin

A

CHYLOMICRONS, VLDL, FFAs

98
Q

A risk factor for increased mortality,
hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and
other endocrine dysfunctions

99
Q

CLASSES OF PLASMA LIPIDS
Cholesterol (____)
Triacylglycerols (____)
Phospholipids (____)
Cholesteryl esters (____)
Free fatty acids, FFAs (____)

A

14%, 16%, 30%, 36%, 4%

100
Q

metabolically,
the most active of the plasma lipids

A

Free fatty acids, FFAs

101
Q

 Found in combination with albumin (a good
solubilizer)

A

Free fatty acids, FFAs

102
Q

FREE FATTY ACIDS
 ________ in plasma in fully fed state → ______ in
starved state. ________ in uncontrolled
diabetes.

A

Low levels, rises, Increased levels

103
Q

Removed from blood very quickly

A

Free fatty acids, FFAs

104
Q

derived from intestinal absorption of
triacylglycerol (TAG) & other lipids

A

 Chylomicrons

105
Q

derived
from liver for the export of TAG

A

 Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)

106
Q

represents final
stage of VLDL catabolism

A

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

107
Q

involved in
cholesterol transport + VLDL and chylomicron
metabolism

A

 High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

108
Q

LIPOPROTEINS
 Structure
> nonpolar core =
_______________________
> outer layer = ___________________

A

triacylglycerol + cholesteryl ester, phospholipid + cholesterol

109
Q

proteins that bind lipids to form lipoproteins

A

APOLIPOPROTEINS

110
Q

Thought to have a role in chylomicron metabolism
May act as a regulator of satiety & glucose
homeostasis → potential therapeutic target for
treatment of diabetes and obesity

A

Apo A-IV

111
Q

important factor in human neurodegenerative
disease

112
Q

Major apoproteins of HDL →

113
Q

Main apoproteins of LDL →

A

apo B (B-100)

114
Q

form LDL (“bad cholesterol”),
have beta sheet structure, stick to lipids irreversibly

A

Apolipoprotein B

115
Q

form HDL (“good
cholesterol”), have alpha helix structures, stick to
lipids reversibly

A

apo A & other apolipoproteins

116
Q

 the primary protein in LDL (“bad cholesterol”)
 One of the longest single polypeptide chains known

A

Apolipoprotein B100

117
Q

Atherogenic

Most likely to enter the wall of the arteries

A

Apolipoprotein B

118
Q

Found in chyle (formed by lymphatic system
draining the intestine)
Responsible for transport of all dietary lipids
into the circulation
transports triacylglycerol from liver to the
extrahepatic tissues

A

CHYLOMICRONS

119
Q

 Both are rapidly catabolized

A

Chylomicrons & VLDL

120
Q

 Where do fatty acids from chylomicron triacylglycerol go?
 ___ to adipose, heart & muscle
 ____ to liver

121
Q

Located on the walls of capillaries & anchored to
the endothelium by negatively charged
proteoglycan chains of heparan sulfate

A

Lipoprotein lipase

122
Q

The LDL receptor is specific for _______

____ of LDL is degraded in extrahepatic
tissues; ____ degraded in liver

A

apo B-100, 30%, 70%

123
Q

is made and secreted by both the liver &
intestine

124
Q

storage site for apo C & apo E that are needed in metabolism of chylomicrons & VLDL

A

MAJOR FUNCTION OF HDL

125
Q

Liver is the place of facilitation of digestion & absorption of lipids by production of _____

126
Q

Liver is the place of Conversion of fatty acids to _________________

A

ketone bodies

127
Q

 VLDL assembly requires _____________________

A

apo B-100 & TAG

128
Q

accumulation of lipid, mainly TAG in the liver

A

Fatty liver

129
Q

Most common liver disorder worldwide:

A

nonalcoholic
fatty liver

130
Q
  • protein involved in formation of lipid droplets in adipocytes
     Enables storage and breakdown of TAG as needed by the
    body
131
Q

also catalyzed in vivo by heme compounds and
lipoxygenase found in platelets and leukocytes

A

Lipid Peroxidation

132
Q

_________ are Associated with increased health risks

A

Trans fatty acids

133
Q

Main product of Fatty Acid Oxidation

A

Acetyl-CoA

2C MIDTERMS (14 decks)

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