Regulations Flashcards
Flight Time
- Pilot time that commences when an aircraft moves under its own power for the purpose of flight and ends when the aircraft comes to rest after landing
Flight Visibility
The average forward horizontal distance from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight.
Ground Visibility
- Prevailing visibility near the earth’s surface as reported by the USNWS or accredited observer
Major Alteration
- An alteration not listed in the aircraft, aircraft engine, or propellor specifications:
- That might affect weight, balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics or other things affecting airworthiness
- That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by elementary operations
Major Repair
- Repair that may affect weight, balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant ops, flight characteristics, or other items affecting airworthiness
- Repair that is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by elementary operations
Minor Alteration
An alteration other than a major alterations
Minor Repair
- Repair other than a major repair
Night Definition
- The time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the Air Almanac converted to local time
Pilot in Command
- Person who has final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of flight
- Has been designated as PIC before or during the flight
- Holds the appropriate category, class, and type rating, if appropriate, for the conduct of the flight
Preventative Maintenance
- Means simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations
VFR Over-the-Top
- The operation of an aircraft over-the-top under VFR when it’s not being operated on an IFR flight plan
Vfe Speed
Max Flap Extended Speed
Vne Speed
Never exceed airspeed
Vr Speed
Rotating speed for takeoff
Vs Speed
Stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed the a/c will be controllable
Vso Speed
Stalling speed/minimum steady flight speed which the plane is controllable in the landing configuration at the most forward center gravity
Vs1 Speed
Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed obtained in a specific configuration
Vx Speed
Speed for best angle of climb
Vy Speed
Speed for best rate of climb
Va Speed
Maneuvering speed
FAR 43.3
- The holder of a pilot certificate may perform preventative maintenance on any a/c owned or operated by that pilot which is not used under part 121, 129, or 135
What does FAR 43.7 state?
- A person holding at least a private pilot certificate may approve an a/c for return to service after performing preventative maintenance
FAR 43.5 states what for returning an a/c to service?
- No person may approve for return to service any a/c that’s undergone mx, including preventative Mx unless an entry has been made in the mx records
91.17
- Alcohol regulation
FAR 91.103: Preflight Action before a flight
NWKRAFT
- NOTAM
-WEATHER - *KNOWN ATC DELAYS (for IFR)
- RUNWAY LENGTHS
- *ALTERNATE AIRPORTS (for IFR)
- FUEL REQUIREMENTS
- TAKE-OFF & LANDING DISTANCES
FAR 91.105 & 91.107 Seatbelts
- Flight Crew must have seat belts on:
1. During takeoff and landing
2. While at crewmember station - Flight Crew must have shoulder harness on:
1. During takeoff and landing….unless - Not equipped
- Unable to perform duties
PASSENGERS
- PIC must ensure that each person is briefed on how to fasten
- PIC must ensure that each person has been notified to fasten their belts prior to moving a/c
- Each person on board must occupy an approved seat with a belt during taxi, takeoff & landing
- Babies under 2 may be held by an adult with parent present
FAR 91.211 Supplemental O2
- At alt. above 12,500MSL up to and including 14,000MSL
- If more than 30 min, the flight crew must use O2 above 14,000
- Flight crew must use O2 always above 15,000
- Passengers must be offered O2
91.303 Aerobatic Flight
Not permitted:
- over congested area
- over open air assembly of people
- within boundaries of B C D E designated for airpot
- Within 4nm of centerline of an airway
- Below 1,500’ AGL
- When flight visibility is less than 3
Define Aerobatic Flight
- An intentional maneuver involving an abrupt change in a/c attitude or acceleration not necessary for normal flight
FAR 91.307 Parachuting
- No pilot of an a/c carrying a passenger may execute any intentional maneuver that exceeds-
- Bank angle of 60 degrees
- Pitch angle more than 30 degrees (up or down)
*Doesn’t apply to flight tests or spins required for a certificate
COFFPACF
COFFPACF
Crew unable to perform duties
Overdue flight/aircraft
Fire in flight
Failure of internal turbine component
Property damage $25K+
Accident
Collision
Flight control system failure
What makes an a/c airworthy for flight?
Airworthiness Certification
Registration
Radio Operators License : (For International flights only)
Operator’s Manual
Weight & Balance
BONUS
Supplements: Garmin 430 (signature and tail #)
Placards: Placard (like ones in section 2 of POH)
Inspections: AV1ATE-A
Annual: 91.409 : Conducted by A&P mechanic w/ inspection authorization
VOR (IFR only): Every 30 days (not needed for VFR)
100 hour 91.409 (b): Required if plane is for hire
Altimeter/Static: 91.411: Required every 24mos (+/-75ft.)
Transponder: 91.413 every 24 mos
ELT: 91.207 every 12 cal mos and battey needs to be replaced or recharged after 50% or 1hr cumulative use
Airworthiness Directives:
1. Urgent
2. Non-urgent
3. Recurring
Equipment Safe:
- MEL
- In the list, placard, fly
- Not in the list ->Squawk - MELX
- Type data certification sheet
- Kind of operation equipment list
- AD’s
- 91.205
FLAPS Night VFR equipment in addition to ATOMATOFLAMES
Fuses/Circuit breakers
Landing Light (only for hire airplanes)
Anti-collision light
Position lights
Source of power/
AAA TT OO MM FLES
- Anti collision lights (for aircraft after 1996)
- Altimeter
- ASI (Air Speed Indicator)
- Tachometer for each engine (RPM’s)
- Temperature gauge (for liquid cooled engines)
- Oil temperature gauge (for air cooled engine)
- Oil pressure gauge for each engine (for engine using pressure system)
- Manifold pressure gauge (for each altitude engine [i.e. supercharged/turbocharged engines])
- Magnetic Compass
-Fuel gauge (must read zero if tank is empty)
- Landing gear position indicator (not in fixed landing gear a/c)
- ELT
- Safety Belts
GRABCARD (for IFR operations)
- Generator/Alternator
- Radio (appropriate for flight)
- Altimeter
- Ball
- Clock (second hand sweep or digital)
- Attitude Indicator
- Rate of Turn
- Directional Gyro
When is a Radio Operators License required for airworthiness? (ARROW)
For international flights
Where can I find information on Operator’s Manual and Weight & Balance?
14 CFR Part 91.9
An annual inspection for an aircraft must be completed how often?
Within the preceding 12 calendar months
An annual inspection can be used in place of what, in regards to validating inspections for airworthiness?
- Can replace the 100 hr inspection, however the 100 hr inspection cannot replace the annual inspection
The ELT needs to be inspected/replaced how often?
- Every 12 mos
- & battery nn to be replaced or recharged after 50% or 1 hour of consecutive use
Two “C’s” in COFFPACF for NTSB reporting incidents:
- Crew unable to perform duties
- Collision
“O” in COFFPACF regards to incident reporting
Overdue flight/aircraft
3 “F’s” in regards to incident reporting to the NTSB:
- Fire in flight
- Failure of internal turbine component
- Flight control system failure
“A” & “P” in COFFPACF
- Accident
- Property damage $25k+
3 “A’s” for Req Equip (Day VFR)
- Airspeed Indicator
- Anti- collision lights (for a/c certified after March 11, 1996)
- Altimeter
2 “O’s” Req Equp (Day VFR)
- Oil pressure gauge (for each engine)
- Oil temp gauge (for air cooled engines)
2 “T’s” in Req. Equp. (Day VFR)
- Tachometer (rpm) [for each engine]
- Temperature Gauge (for each liquid cooled engine) [not at HAA]
2 “M’s” Req. Equp. (Day VFR)
- Manifold pressure gauge (for each altitude engine)
- Magnetic compass
“F, L, E, S” Req. Equip. (Day VFR)
- Fuel Gauge (must read zero when tanks are empty)
- Landing gear position indicator
- ELT
- Safety Belts
3 A’s in AV1ATE-A
- Annual Inspection (12 mos)
- Altimeter (24 mos)
- Airworthiness Directives
V in AV1ATE-A
VOR (for IFR only)
“1” in AV1ATE-A
100hr inspection, can be replaced by annual inspection
“T” in AV1ATE-A
- Transponder (24 mos)
To act as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft, what must a pilot have in his/her physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft? (14 CFR 61.3)
- Pilot certificate (or special purpose pilot authorization)
- A photo id
- A medical certificate (with certain exceptions as provided in 14 CFR 61.3)
While performing a preflight inspections on your aircraft, an inspector from the FAA introduces herself and says she wants to conduct a ramp inspection.
What documents are you required to show the inspector? 14 CFR 61.3)
Each person who holds an:
1. Airman certificate
2. Medical certificate
3. Authorization
4. Photo ID
for inspection upon a request from the administrator, NTSB rep, federal, state, or local law enforcement officer, or an authorized rep from TSA
What is a definition of a high-performance airplane?
A high performance airplane is an airplane with an engine of more than 200HP
What must you do to act as PIC of a high performance airplane?
- Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a high performance airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane, and have been found proficient in the operation and systems of that airplane.
- Received and logged a one-time endorsement in your logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies you are proficient to operate a high-performance airplane.
*Not required if the person has logged flight time as PIC of a high-performance airplane prior to August 4, 1997.
Other than high-performance and complex aircraft, what other types of aircraft (ASEL) require specific training and logbook endorsement from an appropriately rated flight instructor? (14 CFR 61.31)
- High Altitude Airplane: No person may act as PIC of a pressurized airplane that has a service ceiling or a mx operating alt. (whichever is lower), above 25,000’ MSL unless that person has completed the ground and flight training specified and has received a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying satisfactory completion of the training.
- Tailwheel Airplane: No person may act as PIC of a tailwheel a/c unless that person has received and logged flight training from an authorized instructor in a tailwheel airplane and received an endorsement in the person’s logbook from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a tailwheel airplane.
- Above not needed for tailwheel, if person logged PIC time in a tailwheel a/c before April 15, 1991
What is the definition of a complex airplane?
A complex airplane is defined as an airplane that has a:
- Retractable Landing Gear
- Flaps
- Controllable Pitch Propeller including airplanes equipped with a full-authority digital engine control.
What must you do to act as PIC of a complex airplane?
- Receive and log ground and flight training from an instructor in a complex airplane, simulator or flight training device, and have been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane.
- Received a one-time endorsement in you logbook from an instructor who certifies you are proficient to operate a complex engine
*Not required if person has PIC time in complex airplane prior to Aug 4, 1997
With respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, define the terms: category, class, and type.
Category: A broad classification of aircraft (i.e. airplane, rotorcraft, glider etc.)
Class: A classification of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics (i.e. single-engine, multi-engine, land etc.)
Type: A specific make and basic model of aircraft including modifications that do not change its handling or flight characteristics (i.e. DC-9, B-737, C-150 etc.)
What are requirements to remain current as a private pilot? (14 CFR 61.56 / 61.57
- Within preceding 24mos, accomplish a flight review given in an a/c for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor and received a logbook endorsement certifying so
- To carry pax, a pilot must have made, within the preceding 90 days:
- 3 takeoffs and landings as the sole manipulator of flight controls of an a.c of the same category and class, and type (if required)
- If a tailwheel, the landings must be made to a full stop
- If flight is beginning 1hr after sunset and 1 hr before sunrise, with pax on board, the PIC must have, within preceding 90 days, made at least 3 takeoff and landings to a full stop during that period in same category, class, type of a/c to be used.
*Takeoffs and landings required by this regulation may be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training device that is approved by the administrator and used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a certificated training center.
You have not kept up with logging each of your recent flights. Are you in violation of any regulations? (14 CFR 61.51)
No. I’m only required to document and record the training and aeronautical experience used to meet requirements for a certificate, rating, or flight review, and the aeronautical experience required for meeting the recent flight experience requirements.
You’re flying in a single-engine, high performance, complex airplane. You hold a PPL with an airplane single-engine land rating, but don’t have a high-performance or complex airplane endorsement.
Your friend, who has those endorsements, is acting PIC for the flight. Can you log PIC time for the time you act as sole manipulator of the controls? Explain.
(14 CFR 61.31, 61.51)
Yes, 14 CFR 61.51 governs the logging of PIC time and states that a sport, recreational, private, commercial, or ATP may log PIC time for the time during which that pilot is “sole manipulator of the controls of an a/c for which the pilot is rated or has privileges.”
*You can log PIC time, but cannot act as PIC. To act as PIC, pilot must be properly rated in the a/c and authorized to conduct the flight which would include having the required endorsements for complex and high performance airplanes as required by (14 CFR 61.31)
What is the difference between being “current” and being “proficient”
Current: Means the pilot has met the minimum FAA regulatory requirements within specific time period so he/she can exercise the privileges of their certificate. Although “legal” to fly an a/c, but doesn’t mean pilot is proficient.
Proficient: Means the piloc is capable of conducting flight with competence. It means pilot has the skills to be safe and smart with aeronautical decisions.
How will establishing personal minimums checklist reduce risk?
Professional pilots live by the numbers and so should you. Pre-established numbers can make it a lot easier to come to a smart go/no-go or diversion decision, than would the vague sense that you can “probably” deal with conditions you face at any given time. A written set of personal minimums also make it easier to explain tough cancelation for diversion decisions to pax who trust you with their lives.
The airplane you normally rent has been grounded due to intermittent electrical problem. You ask to be scheduled in another airplane.
During your preflight of the new airplane, you notice that it has avionics you’re unfamiliar with. Should you go ahead and depart on your VFR flight?
Pilot familiarity with all equipment is critical in optimizing both safety and efficiency. If a pilot is unfamiliar with any aircraft system, this will add to workload and can contribute to a loss of situational awareness. This level of proficiency is critical and should be looked upon as a requirement, not unlike carrying an adequate supply of fuel. As a result, pilots should not look upon unfamiliarity with the aircraft and its systems as a risk control measure, but instead as a hazard with high risk potential. Discipline is key to success.
What flight time can a pilot log as second-in-command?
A person may log SIC time only for that flight time during which that person:
- Is qualified in accordance with SIC requirements of 14 CFR 61.55, and occupies a crewmember station in an a/c that requires more than one pilot by the aircraft’s type certificate;
or
- Holds the appropriate category, class, and instrument rating (if instrument rating is required for the flight) for the aircraft being flown, and more than one pilot is required under the type certification of a/c or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted.
To exercise the privileges of a private pilot certificate, what medical certificate is required, and how long is it valid?
You must hold at least a 3rd class medical certificate. The medical certificate expires at the end of the last day of:
1. The 60th month after the date of examination on certificate if under 40 yrs old.
- The 24th month after the date of exam on the certificate if over 40 yrs old.
Where can you find a list of medical condition that may disqualify you from obtaining a medical certificate?
Part 67: The standards for medical certification are contained in part 67
Part 61: The requirements for obtaining medical certificates can be found in part 61
What requirements must be met to fly under BasicMed? (AC 68-1)
- Hold a current and valid U.S. driver’s license.
- Hold or have held a medical certificate issued by the FAA at any point after July 14, 2006.
- Answer the health questions on the Comprehensive Medical Examination Checklist (CMEC).
- Get your physical examination by any State-licensed physician, and have that physician complete the CMEC (be sure to keep the CMEC).
- Take the BasicMed online medical education course. Keep the course completion document issued to you by the course provider.
What privileges and limitations apply when flying under BasicMed?
- Fly with no more than five passengers.
- Fly an aircraft with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of no more than 6,000 lbs.
- Fly an aircraft that is authorized to carry no more than 6 occupants.
- Flights within the United States, at an indicated airspeed of 250 knots or less, and at an altitude at or below 18,000’ MSL
- You may not fly for compensation or hire.
What is required to maintain BasicMed privileges? (AC 68-1)
- Be sure to have a CMEC that shows your most recent physical examination was within the past 48 mos. Keep the completed, signed CMEC in a safe place.
- Be sure you are being treated by a physician for medical conditions that may affect safety of flight
- Be sure you have a course completion certificate that was issued by a BasicMed medical training course provider within the past 24mos.
One way a pilot can limit exposure to risks is to set personal minimums for items in each risk category (PAVE). Describe the individual risk minimums you will establish for yourself (FAA-H-8083-2)
P: For my own personal minimums, I know I suffer from allergies when the weather changes dramatically, so I won’t fly when I do feel huge flare ups in sinus problems when it comes to scheduling a flight, lesson etc.
A: My minimums when it comes to operating an aircraft, as much as I want to learn more about all types of equipment we have, I wouldn’t do so unless I have a full understanding of what instruments are available to me. In other words, I wouldn’t take a plane out with a glass cockpit just yet, as I haven’t flown in one, and I’m not comfortable moving away from a 6-pack just yet.
V: I’m a new pilot, and our weather is so fantastic here in the PNW, that I’m not quite comfortable yet flying in adverse conditions, so I will do my best to limit my flying to conditions that I’m aware of. I don’t have much experience yet, so my minimums so far are marginal VFR weather. But I think I’ll add to that heavy rain, for the fact that I haven’t experienced that type of weather conditions.
E: I know I’m in an accelerated program, but I’ve already told myself if I’m experiencing too many days of bad weather, it’s a sign for me to take a vacation. I have a family that I haven’t spent a lot of time with since starting this journey, and for me that’s an PAVE checklist safety belt that will help me avoid the pressures of getting flying done ASAP.
A first-class medical certificate is good for how long for a pilot under the age of 40?
Under the age of 40, a first class medical exam is good for 12 mos up to the last day of your medical exam month
Over the age of 40, your 1st class medical exam is good for how many months?
6 months after the date of the examination month shown on medical certificate
For pax currency purposes, how must landings be made?
- 3 landings in the same category, class, type
- If night time flight, they have to made to full-stop and must be made between 1hr after sunset and 1hr before sunrise
What are airworthiness directives?
Legally enforceable rules that apply to the following products:
- Aircraft
- Aircraft engines
- Propellers
- Appliances
What minimum airmen license is required in order for a pilot to approve preventative maintenance to be done?
- Private pilot license
To act as PIC of an aircraft, category, class and type a person must:
- Hold appropriate category, class, and type for the aircraft to be flown
- Have received training of the category, class and type
- Have an endorsement for solo flight in that aircraft from an authorized instructor
How long ground and flight training must a flight review consist of?
1 hour of ground training
1 hour of flight training
Flight review must be conducted every:
24 months
No person may act as PIC unless, since the beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month in which that pilot acts as PIC, that person has:
- Completed a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor
- A logbook endorsed from an authorized instructor who gave the review certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the review
If towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, a pilot would need:
14 CFR PART 61.69 (a)
- At least a PPL w/ a category rating for powered a/c
- Logged at least 100 hours of PIC in the a/c category, class, and type
- Has logbook endorsement from authorized instructor who certifies that the person has received ground and flight training and proficient in:
- techniques
- emergency procedures
- signals used
- max angles of bank
- Logged at least 3 flights as the sole manipulator of the controls while towing glider
- Logbook endorsed from instructor stating 3 flights have been made
- WIthin 24 mos before the flight have,
- Made 3 actual or simulated tows fo glider or ultralight vehicle
- Made 3 flights as PIC of a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle
5.
What is a PIC responsibility and authority as pilot in command?
- The PIC is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft
- In an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action, the PIC may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency
- Each PIC who deviates from a rule, upon the request of the administrator, send a written report of that deviation to the administrator
Each PIC shall before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning the flight. This information includes:
NWKRAFT
- NOTAM’s
- Weather
- Known ATC delays
- Runway lengths
- Alternate airports
- Fuel required
- Takeoff/Landing distances
If conducting a ferry flight, can you take passengers with you if the equipment failed occurred while Enroute with said passengers?
No. Only required crew members are authorized to be on an aircraft during a ferry flight w/ special permission
