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Pulmonary > Regulation of Respiration, Respiratory Drive, PFT's and ABG > Flashcards

Regulation of Respiration, Respiratory Drive, PFT's and ABG Flashcards

1
Q

Acidosis occurs when there is an increase in what

A

Hydrogen ions

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2
Q

Alkolosis occurs when there is a decrease in what

A

Hydrogen ions

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3
Q

Carbon dioxide primarily triggers what

A

central chemoreceptors

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4
Q

Carbon dioxide is 20x more soluble than O2, and will diffuse very quickly which means what for oxygen

A

Oxygen is going to drop much more quickly and the change will be seen first

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5
Q

What is a normal bicarbonate level?

A

24-26 mEq/L

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6
Q

What is the difference in hypoxia compared to hypoxemia?

A

Hypoxia there is low O2 in the organ tissues where hypoxemia there is insufficient O2 dissolved into the plasma

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7
Q

What molecules control involuntary breathing?

A

CO2
H+
H2CO2 (carbonic acid)
HCO-3 (bicarbonate)
pO2

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8
Q

When CO2 increases (hypercapnia) pH becomes more acidic which stimulates

A

respiration

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9
Q

When CO2 drops (hypocapnia), more alkolotic pH is going to inhibit

A

respiration

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10
Q

Chemoreceptors are found near respiratory center and detect

A

pH of CSF

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11
Q

As CO2 increase, the pH will decrease (acidosis) this is going to cause

A

the respiratory centers to be stimulated to blow off CO2 to return pH to normal

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12
Q

The pneumotaxic center is found where

A

Pons

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13
Q

What is the role of the pneumotaxic center

A

Modify breathing rhythm that is set forth by the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups, helps with inspiration/expiration transition

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14
Q

The apneustic center is found where

A

Pons

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15
Q

What is the role of the apneustic center

A

Modify breathing rhythm that is set forth by the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups

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16
Q

What group is going to control the rhythm of breathing?

A

Ventral respiratory group

17
Q

Irritant receptors react to what kind of stimulus

A

Noxious stimuli

18
Q

Where are irritant receptors located

A

Conducting airway epithelium

19
Q

J-receptors are responsible for what

A

Sense pulmonary capillary pressure, react to pulmonary edema

20
Q

Parasympathetic activation will stimulate the vagus nerve and cause

A

constriction of the airways

21
Q

Sympathetic activation will stimulate catecholamines which will cause

A

relaxation of the airways

22
Q

Does CO2 or O2 diffuse more easily?

A

CO2

23
Q

What are some of the implications of a right-shifted curve?

A
  • Reduced oxygen affinity
  • Increased oxygen delivery to tissues
24
Q

What are the causes of right-shift?

A

Low pH
Increased CO2
High temperature
High 2, 3-BPG
Low O2 affinity Hb variants

25
Q

What are the implications of a left-shift curve?

A
  • Increased oxygen affinity
  • Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues
26
Q

What are the causes of left-shift?

A

High pH
Low temperature
Low 2,3-BPG
Fetal Hb
Methemoglobinemia
High O2 affinity Hb variants

27
Q

Where is bicarbonate made?

A

Made in the kidneys to buffer acids

28
Q

For every HCO3 made by the kidney’s how many H+ are eliminated?

A

one H+

29
Q

Why does acidosis cause an increase in extracellular potassium (hyperkalemia)?

A

Shifts of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment

30
Q

What are the effects of acidosis on the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Decreased Cardiac Output
  • Vasodilation
  • Increased ectopic rhythms from unstable cellular function
  • Hyperkalemia
31
Q

What are the effects of alkalosis on the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Leads to excitability
  • Ventricular tachyarrhythmias
  • SVT
  • Hypokalemia
32
Q

What are the effects of acidosis on the respiratory system?

A
  • Tachypnea
  • Can drop CO2 to about 10 at lowest point
  • Right shift
33
Q

What are the effects of alkalosis on the respiratory system?

A
  • Low respiratory rate
  • Left shift
34
Q

What is the best time to calculate an anion gap?

A

Metabolic acidosis to determine what is driving the acidosis

35
Q

What is Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after tidal volume (amount in a deep breath)

Normal = 1900-3300 mL

36
Q

What is Tidal Volume (Vt)?

A

Amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle (normal breath). Will include volume to fill physiologic dead space.

37
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

Total volume of air the lungs can accomodate with maximal inspiration (calculated)

38
Q

What is a big driver of lung volume and is important to measure prior to initiating mechanical ventilation?

A

Height (length)

Body weight has nothing to do with ventilation

Pulmonary (15 decks)

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