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PHYSIOLOGY > REGULATION OF POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM: CEREBELLUM > Flashcards

REGULATION OF POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM: CEREBELLUM Flashcards

1
Q

POSTURE IS MAINTAINED BY

A
  1. MUSCLE TONE
  2. POSTURE REFLEX
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2
Q

OTHER REGIONS THAT INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF POSTURE ARE:

A
  1. SPINAL CORD
  2. BRAINSTEM
  3. CEREBELLAR
  4. BASAL GANGLIA
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3
Q

DEF. OF MUSCLE TONE

A

DEGREE OF MUSCLE TENSION OR RESISTANCE DURING REST OR IN RESPONSE TO STRETCH.

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4
Q

DEF OF POSTURE.

A

SUBCONSCIOUS ADJUSTMENT OF TONE OF VARIOUS MUSCLE TO MAINTAIN THE BALANCE DURING REST OR DURING MOVEMENT.

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5
Q

DEF OF EQUILIBRIUM.

A

MAINTAIN THE CONSTANT LINE OF GRAVITY AT REST OR DURING MOVEMENT.

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6
Q

SPINAL CONTROL IS THE INTERACTION BETWEEN

A

SPINAL CORD AND MUSCLE SPINDLE AS WELL AS INTERNEURONS.

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7
Q

SUPRASPINAL CONTROL IS THE

A

REGULATION BY THE FACILITATORY OR INHIBITATORY TRACTS AND CEREBELLUM.

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8
Q

EXAMPLE OF STRETCH REFLEX.

A

KNEE JERKING

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9
Q

SUPRASPINAL CONTROL IS DIRECTLY MODULATED BY

A

GAMMA MOTOR NEURON

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10
Q

SUPRASPINAL CONTROL IS REGULATED BY

A

DESCENDING TRACTS

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11
Q

WHAT IS STRETCH REFLEX.

A

STRETCH REFLEX IS THE REFLEX CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE THAT IS STRETCHED.

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12
Q

DESC THE FACILITATORY TRACT.

A

THE SINGAL IS FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX AND CEREBELLUM. THEN, THIS WILL STIMULATE THE FACILITATORY RETICULAR FORMATION.
FACILITATORY RETICULAR FORMATION WILL INCREASE THE GAMMA MOTOR. NEURON CAUSING THE
1. HYPERACTIVE STRETCH REFLEX
2. INCREASED MUSCLE TONE

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13
Q

DESC THE INHIBITORY TRACT.

A

THE SINGAL IS FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX AND CEREBELLAR. THEN, IT WILL STIMULATE THE INHIBITORY RETICULAR FORMATION.
THEREBY, IT CAN LEAD TO LESS ACTIVE DURING THE STRETCH RECEPTOR AND DECREASED MUSCLE TONE.

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14
Q

HYPOTONIA

A
  • ABNORMALLY LOW MUSCLE TONE
  • OTHER FEATURES: MUSCLE WEAKNESS, MUSCLE ATROPHY, DECREASE OR ABSENT STRETCH REFLEX.
  • USUALLY IN LMNL
  • THE RESISTANT TO PASSIVE STRETCH IS ALMOST NON EXISTANT.
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15
Q

CAUSE OF HYPOTONIA

A
  1. DESTRUCTION OF FACILITATORY RETICULAR FORMATION
  2. STIMULATION OF INHIBITORY AREAS IN BRAIN
  3. DESTRUCTION OF AFFERENT OR EFFERENT PATHWAY IN STRETCH REFLEX
  4. DESTRUCTION OF CEREBELLUM
  5. HYPOTHYROIDISM
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16
Q

HYPERTONIA.

A
  • INCREASE IN MUSCLE TONE
  • THE RESISTANT TO PASSIVE STRETCH IS HIGH
  • USUALLY OCCUR IN UMNL
  • INCREASE RELEASE OF A- MOTOR NEURON
  • THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF HYPERTONIA WHICH ARE RIGIDITY AND SPASTICITY.
    RIGIDITY WILL CAUSE BOTH GRP OF MUSCLES WHICH ARE EXTENSOR AND FLEXOR.
  • ITS RESISTANCE TO MOVEMENT IS CONSTANT
  • THE MUSCLE TONE IN RIGIDITY IS HIGH THROUGHOUT RANGE OF MOVEMENT
  • LEAD PIPE RIGIDITY PRESENCE
  • SPASTICITY IS ONE GRP OF MUSCLES (EITHER FLEXOR OR EXTENSOR)
  • AT FIRST THE RESISTANCE IS HIGH BUT LATER IT WILL BE REDUCED
  • CLASP KNIFE EFFECT PRESENCE
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17
Q

CAUSE OF HYPERTONIA

A
  • STIMULATION OF FACILITATORY AREA IN RETICULAR FORMATION
  • DESTRUCTION OF INHIBITORY IN THE BRAIN
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18
Q

TYPES OF POSTURAL REFLEX

A

STATIC REFLEX
STATOKINETIC REFLEX

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19
Q

STATIC REFLEX IS

A

PRIMARYLY INVOLVED IN ADJUSMENT OF THE DISPLACEMENT PRODUCED BY THE GRAVITY

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20
Q

STATOKINETIC REFLEX IS

A

ELICITED BY THE ACCELERATED DISPLACEMENT OF THE BODY

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21
Q

STATIC REFLEX IS ELICITED BY

A

GRAVITIONAL PULL

22
Q

STATIC REFLEX IS MAINTAINED BY

A

SUSTAIN MUSCLE CONTRACTION

23
Q

STATOKINETIC REFLEX IS MAINTAINED BY

A

STABLE POSTURAL BACKGROUND FOR VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY

24
Q

FUNCTION OF VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

A

MAINTAINING THE EQUILIBRIUM AND POSTURE
DETECT HEAD MOVEMENT AND POSITION RELATIVE TO GRAVITY

25
Q

STATE THE ORGAN THAT CAN BE FOUND IN OTOLITH

A

UTRCILE
SACCULE

26
Q

STATE THE ORGAN THAT CAN BE FOUND IN THE SEMICIRCULAR CANA

A

ANT
POST
LAT

27
Q

WHAT IS THE CONTENT OF THE ENDOLYMPHATIC SAC?

A

ENDOLYMPH

28
Q

VESTIBULAR RECEPTOR IN OTOLITH ORGAN LOCATED AT

A

MACULA

29
Q

HAIR CELLS IN SEMICIRCULAR CANAL LOCATED AT

A

CRISTA AMPULLARIS

30
Q

WHEN STEREOCILIA BEND TOWARDS KINOCILIUM, IT INDICATES

A

DEPOLARISATION

31
Q

WHEN STEREOCILIA BEND AWAY KINOCILIUM, IT INDICATES

A

HYPERPOLARISATION

32
Q

UTRICLE IS

A

A HORIZONTAL PLANE AND IT DETECT LINEAR ACCELERATION

33
Q

SACCULE DETECT

A

VERTICLE ACCELERATION

34
Q

UTRICLE DETECT

A

LINEAR ACCELERATION

35
Q

SEMICIRCULAR CANAL DETECT

A

ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT

36
Q

WHEN ENDOLYMPH IS PUSHED AWAY FROM THE CAPULA, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE STEREOCILIA?

A

THE STEREOCILIA IS PUSHED AWAY FROM THE KINOCILIUM INDICATING HYPERPOLARISATION

37
Q

WHEN THE DIRECTION OF THE HEAD IS TO THE RIGHT, WHAT HAPPEN TO THE DIRECTION OF THE ENDOLYMPH?

A

THE ENDOLYMPH WILL MOVE TOWARDS THE LEFT (TOWARDS THE AMPULLE)

38
Q

WHEN THE ENDOLYMPH IS PUSHED TOWARDS THE CAPULA, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE DIRECTION OF THE STEREOCILIA?

A

THE STEREOCILIA MOVE TOWARDS THE KINOCILIUM INDICATING DEPOLARISATION

39
Q

WHEN THE HEAD MOVEMENT IS CONSTANT AT A CONSTANT SPEED, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE MOVEMENT OF THE ENDOLYMPH?

A

THE MOVEMENT OF THE ENDOLYMPH IS IN THE DIRECTION OF THE HEAD WITH THE SAME SPEED AS WELL. THE AMPULLA IS NOT AFFECTED.

40
Q

DURING CESSATION OF MOVEMENT OF HEAD, HE ENDOLYMPH WILL

A

CONTINUE TO MOVE AND CAUSE MOVEMENT OF CAPULA AWAY FROM AMPULLA IN RIGHT AND TOWARDS IN THE LEFT.

41
Q

STATE THE NEURAL PATHWAY FOR EQUILIBRIUM AND BALANCE.

A

DETECTION OF MOTION BY THE HAIR CELL -> AXONS OF 1ST ORDER NEURON TO TRAVEL IN THE VESTIBULAR NERVE TO THE MEDULLA -> SYNAPSE WITH THE VESTIBULAR NUCLEI -> PROJECT TO THE SPINAL CORD, EXTRAOCULAR MOTOR NUCLEI, CEREBELLUM AND THALAMUS

42
Q

STATE THE FUNCTION OF THE SPINAL CORD VIA VESTIBULOSPINAL PATHWAY.

A

CONTROL HEAD AND BODY MOVEMENT, MAINTAIN HEAD IN UPRIGHT POSITION

43
Q

STATE THE FUNCTION OF CN 3,4,6

A

CONTROL THE EYE MOVEMENT TO COMPENSATE THE HEAD MOVEMENT

44
Q

STATE THE FUNCTION OF THE THALAMUS AND CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

PERCEPTION OF HEAD AND BODY POSITION IN RELATION TO GRAVITY

45
Q

STATE THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBELLUM

A

FOR AWARENESS OF BALANCE, THEN BACK TO VESTIBULAR NUCLEI TO MODULATE MOVEMENT.

46
Q

STATE THE FUNCTION OF THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

A

TGK NOTES

47
Q

STATE THE 2 COMPONENTS OF NYSTAGMUS

A
  1. SLOW
  2. FAST

*** EXPLAINATION TGK NOTES

48
Q

WHAT IS NYSTAGMUS

A

INVOLUNTARY, RHYTHMIC, OSCILLATORY MOVEMENT OF THE EYE

49
Q

STATE THE FUNCTIONAL SUBDIVISION OF CEREBELLUM

A
  • SPINOCEREBELLUM (VERMIS AND PARAVERMIS)
  • VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM (FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE)
  • CEREBROCEREBELLUM (LATERAL CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE)

*** FUNCTION TGK NOTE

50
Q

STATE THE CAUSE OF CEREBELLAR DISORDER

A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDER
ALCOHOL
ENCEPHALITIS
DRUGS
POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMOUR
- CHILDREN PRIMARY MALIGNANT TUMOUR
- ADULT ACOUSTIC NEUROMA, MENINGIOMA

51
Q

STATE THE FEATURES OF CEREBELLAR DISORDERS.

A
  1. NYSTAGMUS
  2. DRUNKEN GAIT
  3. DYSMETRIA
  4. INTENTION TREMOR
  5. HYPOTONIA
  6. DYSARTHRIA
  7. DYSDIADOCHOKINESIA
  8. ATAXIA
  9. DECOMPOSITION OF MOVEMENT
  10. PENDULAR REFLEX

PHYSIOLOGY (14 decks)

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