REGULATION OF POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM: CEREBELLUM

Question 1

POSTURE IS MAINTAINED BY

Answer 1

1. MUSCLE TONE
2. POSTURE REFLEX

Question 2

OTHER REGIONS THAT INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF POSTURE ARE:

Answer 2

1. SPINAL CORD
2. BRAINSTEM
3. CEREBELLAR
4. BASAL GANGLIA

Question 3

DEF. OF MUSCLE TONE

Answer 3

DEGREE OF MUSCLE TENSION OR RESISTANCE DURING REST OR IN RESPONSE TO STRETCH.

Question 4

DEF OF POSTURE.

Answer 4

SUBCONSCIOUS ADJUSTMENT OF TONE OF VARIOUS MUSCLE TO MAINTAIN THE BALANCE DURING REST OR DURING MOVEMENT.

Question 5

DEF OF EQUILIBRIUM.

Answer 5

MAINTAIN THE CONSTANT LINE OF GRAVITY AT REST OR DURING MOVEMENT.

Question 6

SPINAL CONTROL IS THE INTERACTION BETWEEN

Answer 6

SPINAL CORD AND MUSCLE SPINDLE AS WELL AS INTERNEURONS.

Question 7

SUPRASPINAL CONTROL IS THE

Answer 7

REGULATION BY THE FACILITATORY OR INHIBITATORY TRACTS AND CEREBELLUM.

Question 8

EXAMPLE OF STRETCH REFLEX.

Answer 8

KNEE JERKING

Question 9

SUPRASPINAL CONTROL IS DIRECTLY MODULATED BY

Answer 9

GAMMA MOTOR NEURON

Question 10

SUPRASPINAL CONTROL IS REGULATED BY

Answer 10

DESCENDING TRACTS

Question 11

WHAT IS STRETCH REFLEX.

Answer 11

STRETCH REFLEX IS THE REFLEX CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE THAT IS STRETCHED.

Question 12

DESC THE FACILITATORY TRACT.

Answer 12

THE SINGAL IS FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX AND CEREBELLUM. THEN, THIS WILL STIMULATE THE FACILITATORY RETICULAR FORMATION.
FACILITATORY RETICULAR FORMATION WILL INCREASE THE GAMMA MOTOR. NEURON CAUSING THE
1. HYPERACTIVE STRETCH REFLEX
2. INCREASED MUSCLE TONE

Question 13

DESC THE INHIBITORY TRACT.

Answer 13

THE SINGAL IS FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX AND CEREBELLAR. THEN, IT WILL STIMULATE THE INHIBITORY RETICULAR FORMATION.
THEREBY, IT CAN LEAD TO LESS ACTIVE DURING THE STRETCH RECEPTOR AND DECREASED MUSCLE TONE.

Question 14

HYPOTONIA

Answer 14

• ABNORMALLY LOW MUSCLE TONE
• OTHER FEATURES: MUSCLE WEAKNESS, MUSCLE ATROPHY, DECREASE OR ABSENT STRETCH REFLEX.
• USUALLY IN LMNL
• THE RESISTANT TO PASSIVE STRETCH IS ALMOST NON EXISTANT.

Question 15

CAUSE OF HYPOTONIA

Answer 15

1. DESTRUCTION OF FACILITATORY RETICULAR FORMATION
2. STIMULATION OF INHIBITORY AREAS IN BRAIN
3. DESTRUCTION OF AFFERENT OR EFFERENT PATHWAY IN STRETCH REFLEX
4. DESTRUCTION OF CEREBELLUM
5. HYPOTHYROIDISM

Question 16

HYPERTONIA.

Answer 16

• INCREASE IN MUSCLE TONE
• THE RESISTANT TO PASSIVE STRETCH IS HIGH
• USUALLY OCCUR IN UMNL
• INCREASE RELEASE OF A- MOTOR NEURON
• THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF HYPERTONIA WHICH ARE RIGIDITY AND SPASTICITY.
  RIGIDITY WILL CAUSE BOTH GRP OF MUSCLES WHICH ARE EXTENSOR AND FLEXOR.
• ITS RESISTANCE TO MOVEMENT IS CONSTANT
• THE MUSCLE TONE IN RIGIDITY IS HIGH THROUGHOUT RANGE OF MOVEMENT
• LEAD PIPE RIGIDITY PRESENCE
• SPASTICITY IS ONE GRP OF MUSCLES (EITHER FLEXOR OR EXTENSOR)
• AT FIRST THE RESISTANCE IS HIGH BUT LATER IT WILL BE REDUCED
• CLASP KNIFE EFFECT PRESENCE

Question 17

CAUSE OF HYPERTONIA

Answer 17

• STIMULATION OF FACILITATORY AREA IN RETICULAR FORMATION
• DESTRUCTION OF INHIBITORY IN THE BRAIN

Question 18

TYPES OF POSTURAL REFLEX

Answer 18

STATIC REFLEX
STATOKINETIC REFLEX

Question 19

STATIC REFLEX IS

Answer 19

PRIMARYLY INVOLVED IN ADJUSMENT OF THE DISPLACEMENT PRODUCED BY THE GRAVITY

Question 20

STATOKINETIC REFLEX IS

Answer 20

ELICITED BY THE ACCELERATED DISPLACEMENT OF THE BODY

Question 21

STATIC REFLEX IS ELICITED BY

Answer 21

GRAVITIONAL PULL

Question 22

STATIC REFLEX IS MAINTAINED BY

Answer 22

SUSTAIN MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Question 23

STATOKINETIC REFLEX IS MAINTAINED BY

Answer 23

STABLE POSTURAL BACKGROUND FOR VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY

Question 24

FUNCTION OF VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

Answer 24

MAINTAINING THE EQUILIBRIUM AND POSTURE
DETECT HEAD MOVEMENT AND POSITION RELATIVE TO GRAVITY

Question 25

STATE THE ORGAN THAT CAN BE FOUND IN OTOLITH

Answer 25

UTRCILE SACCULE

Question 26

STATE THE ORGAN THAT CAN BE FOUND IN THE SEMICIRCULAR CANA

Answer 26

ANT POST LAT

Question 27

WHAT IS THE CONTENT OF THE ENDOLYMPHATIC SAC?

Answer 27

ENDOLYMPH

Question 28

VESTIBULAR RECEPTOR IN OTOLITH ORGAN LOCATED AT

Answer 28

MACULA

Question 29

HAIR CELLS IN SEMICIRCULAR CANAL LOCATED AT

Answer 29

CRISTA AMPULLARIS

Question 30

WHEN STEREOCILIA BEND TOWARDS KINOCILIUM, IT INDICATES

Answer 30

DEPOLARISATION

Question 31

WHEN STEREOCILIA BEND AWAY KINOCILIUM, IT INDICATES

Answer 31

HYPERPOLARISATION

Question 32

UTRICLE IS

Answer 32

A HORIZONTAL PLANE AND IT DETECT LINEAR ACCELERATION

Question 33

SACCULE DETECT

Answer 33

VERTICLE ACCELERATION

Question 34

UTRICLE DETECT

Answer 34

LINEAR ACCELERATION

Question 35

SEMICIRCULAR CANAL DETECT

Answer 35

ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT

Question 36

WHEN ENDOLYMPH IS PUSHED AWAY FROM THE CAPULA, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE STEREOCILIA?

Answer 36

THE STEREOCILIA IS PUSHED AWAY FROM THE KINOCILIUM INDICATING HYPERPOLARISATION

Question 37

WHEN THE DIRECTION OF THE HEAD IS TO THE RIGHT, WHAT HAPPEN TO THE DIRECTION OF THE ENDOLYMPH?

Answer 37

THE ENDOLYMPH WILL MOVE TOWARDS THE LEFT (TOWARDS THE AMPULLE)

Question 38

WHEN THE ENDOLYMPH IS PUSHED TOWARDS THE CAPULA, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE DIRECTION OF THE STEREOCILIA?

Answer 38

THE STEREOCILIA MOVE TOWARDS THE KINOCILIUM INDICATING DEPOLARISATION

Question 39

WHEN THE HEAD MOVEMENT IS CONSTANT AT A CONSTANT SPEED, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE MOVEMENT OF THE ENDOLYMPH?

Answer 39

THE MOVEMENT OF THE ENDOLYMPH IS IN THE DIRECTION OF THE HEAD WITH THE SAME SPEED AS WELL. THE AMPULLA IS NOT AFFECTED.

Question 40

DURING CESSATION OF MOVEMENT OF HEAD, HE ENDOLYMPH WILL

Answer 40

CONTINUE TO MOVE AND CAUSE MOVEMENT OF CAPULA AWAY FROM AMPULLA IN RIGHT AND TOWARDS IN THE LEFT.

Question 41

STATE THE NEURAL PATHWAY FOR EQUILIBRIUM AND BALANCE.

Answer 41

DETECTION OF MOTION BY THE HAIR CELL -> AXONS OF 1ST ORDER NEURON TO TRAVEL IN THE VESTIBULAR NERVE TO THE MEDULLA -> SYNAPSE WITH THE VESTIBULAR NUCLEI -> PROJECT TO THE SPINAL CORD, EXTRAOCULAR MOTOR NUCLEI, CEREBELLUM AND THALAMUS

Question 42

STATE THE FUNCTION OF THE SPINAL CORD VIA VESTIBULOSPINAL PATHWAY.

Answer 42

CONTROL HEAD AND BODY MOVEMENT, MAINTAIN HEAD IN UPRIGHT POSITION

Question 43

STATE THE FUNCTION OF CN 3,4,6

Answer 43

CONTROL THE EYE MOVEMENT TO COMPENSATE THE HEAD MOVEMENT

Question 44

STATE THE FUNCTION OF THE THALAMUS AND CEREBRAL CORTEX

Answer 44

PERCEPTION OF HEAD AND BODY POSITION IN RELATION TO GRAVITY

Question 45

STATE THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBELLUM

Answer 45

FOR AWARENESS OF BALANCE, THEN BACK TO VESTIBULAR NUCLEI TO MODULATE MOVEMENT.

Question 46

STATE THE FUNCTION OF THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

Answer 46

TGK NOTES

Question 47

STATE THE 2 COMPONENTS OF NYSTAGMUS

Answer 47

1. SLOW 2. FAST *** EXPLAINATION TGK NOTES

Question 48

WHAT IS NYSTAGMUS

Answer 48

INVOLUNTARY, RHYTHMIC, OSCILLATORY MOVEMENT OF THE EYE

Question 49

STATE THE FUNCTIONAL SUBDIVISION OF CEREBELLUM

Answer 49

- SPINOCEREBELLUM (VERMIS AND PARAVERMIS) - VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM (FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE) - CEREBROCEREBELLUM (LATERAL CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE) *** FUNCTION TGK NOTE

Question 50

STATE THE CAUSE OF CEREBELLAR DISORDER

Answer 50

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDER ALCOHOL ENCEPHALITIS DRUGS POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMOUR - CHILDREN PRIMARY MALIGNANT TUMOUR - ADULT ACOUSTIC NEUROMA, MENINGIOMA

Question 51

STATE THE FEATURES OF CEREBELLAR DISORDERS.

Answer 51

1. NYSTAGMUS 2. DRUNKEN GAIT 3. DYSMETRIA 4. INTENTION TREMOR 5. HYPOTONIA 6. DYSARTHRIA 7. DYSDIADOCHOKINESIA 8. ATAXIA 9. DECOMPOSITION OF MOVEMENT 10. PENDULAR REFLEX