ABO AND RHESUS BLOOD GROUP

Question 1

WHY ARE THERE DIFFERENT BLOOD TYPES?

Answer 1

DUE TO THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AG AND AB

Question 2

AG IS LOCATED AT

Answer 2

ON THE RED BLOOD CELL’S SURFACE

Question 3

AB IS LOCATED AT

Answer 3

THE BLOOD PLASMA

Question 4

STATE ITS ANTIGEN AND ITS ANTIBODIES.
1. BLOOD TYPE A
2. BLOOD TYPE B
3. BLOOD TYPE AB
4. BLOOD TYPE O

Answer 4

1. BLOOD TYPE A
   AG: ANTIGEN A
   AB: ANTI-B ANTIBODY
2. BLOOD TYPE B
   AG: ANTIGEN B
   AB: ANTI- A ANTIBODY
3. BLOOD TYPE AB
   AG: ANTIGEN A, ANTIGEN B
   AB: NONE
4. BLOOD TYPE O
   AG: NONE
   AB: ANTI- A ANTIBODY, ANTI- B ANTIBODY

Question 5

WHAT HAPPEN IF THE SAME ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES MEET EACH OTHER?

Answer 5

IT CAN BE BIND HENCE RESULTING IN AGGLUTINATION OF RBC.

Question 6

IF ANTI- A SERUM IS MIXED TOGETHER WITH ANTIGEN A, IT AGGLUTINATE. IT INDICATES THE PERSON HAVE BLOOD TYPE ___.

Answer 6

IF ANTI- A SERUM IS MIXED TOGETHER WITH ANTIGEN A, IT AGGLUTINATE. IT INDICATES THE PERSON HAVE BLOOD TYPE A.

Question 7

WHAT IS REVERSE TYPING?

Answer 7

REVERSE TYPING:
DONE TO CONFIRM THE FORWARD TYPING
THE RESULTS SHOULD BE OPPOSITE OF THE FORWARD TYPING.

Question 8

WHAT IS RHESUS SYSTEM?

Answer 8

RHESUS SYSTEM:PRESENCE OR ABSENT OF RHESUS ANTIGEN D ON THE SURFACE OF THE RBC.

Question 9

PRESENCE OF AG D ON THE SURFACE OF THE RBC INDICATE THAT THE PERSON IS RHESUS

Answer 9

POSITIVE

Question 10

ABSENT OF AG D ON THE SURFACE OF THE RBC INDICATE THAT THE PERSON IS

Answer 10

RHESUS NEGATIVE.

Question 11

RHESUS ANTIBODY CAN BE DEVELOPED WHEN

Answer 11

1. BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN WHICH A POSITVE RHESUS BLOOD IS GIVEN TO A NEGATIVE RHESUS BLOOD.
2. PRESENCE OF RH ANTIGEN IN THE FETUS AND RH NEGATIVE IN THE MOTHER.

Question 12

RH ANTIBODIES CAN/CANNOT CROSS THE PLACENTA

Answer 12

CAN

Question 13

STATE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MAJOR AND MINOR CROSSMATCH.

Answer 13

MAJOR CROSSMATCH:
DONOR’S RBC (AG) + RECIPIENT’S PLASMA (AB)
=KEY FACTOR TO DETERMINE THE COMPATIBILITY

MINOR’S CROSSMATCH:
DONOR’S PLASMA + RECIPIENT’S RBC
= PERFORMED TO CONFIRM ABO TYPING
= LESS IMPORTANT AND LITTLE DANGER AS AB IN THE DONOR’S BLOOD GET DILUTED OR NEUTRALIZED IN THE RECIPIENT’S PLASMA

Question 14

STATE THE UNIVERSAL DONOR.

Answer 14

O RH -VE

Question 15

STATE THE UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

Answer 15

AB RH +VE

Question 16

BLOOD TYPE AB- CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM

Answer 16

** NEGATIVE BOLE TERIMA NEGATIVE SAHAJA
** POSITIVE BOLE TERIMA BOTH NEGATIVE DAN POSITIVE
** O BOLE TERIMA DARAH O SAHAJA
** AB BOLE TERIMA SEMUA DARAH

A-
B-
O-
AB-

Question 17

BLOOD TYPE B+ CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM

Answer 17

** NEGATIVE BOLE TERIMA NEGATIVE SAHAJA
** POSITIVE BOLE TERIMA BOTH NEGATIVE DAN POSITIVE
*** B BOLE TERIMA DARAH B DAN O SAHAJA

B+
B-
O+
O-

Question 18

BLOOD TYPA A- CAN DONATE TO BLOOD

Answer 18

** NEGATIVE BOLE BERI DKT NEGATIVE DAN POSITIVE
** DARAH A BOLE BERI PADA DARAH A DAN AB SAHAJA

A-
A+
AB-
AB+

Question 19

BLOOD TYPE O+ CAN DONATE TO BLOOD TYPE

Answer 19

** POSITIVE BOLE BERI DKT POSITIVE SAHAJA
** DARAH O BOLE BERI DKT SEMUA ORANG

A+
B+
O+
AB+

Question 20

RH+ CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM PEOPLE WHO HAVE RHESUS FACTOR

Answer 20

+ AND -

Question 21

RH- CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM PEOPLE WHO HAVE RHESUS FACTOR

Answer 21

• ONLY

Question 22

WHAT HAPPEN IF THE BLOOD TYPE DOES NOT MATCH?

Answer 22

** AB- RECIPIENT
** AG- DONOR

THE AB OF THE RECIPIENT WILL ATTACH TO THE DONOR’S AG RESULTING IN THE FORMATION OF THE BRIDGES.
THIS BRIDGES WILL LEAD TO THE CLUMPING OF THE RBC TOGETHER AKA AGGLUTINATION
HENCE IT WILL BLOCK THE SMALL BLOOD VESSELS
THE BLOCKING OF THE SMALL BLOOD VESSELS WILL LEAD TO THE DISTORTION OF THE CELLS OR PHAGOCYTIC ATTACK IN WHICH IT WILL RESULT IN THE DAMAGED OF THE AGGLUTINATED MEMBRANES
HENCE THE RBC UNDERGOES HAEMOLYSIS.
BY TIME IT WILL LEAD TO DAMAGE OF THE KIDNEYS AND OTHER ORGANS.

Question 23

WHAT OTHER REACTION THAT MIGHT OCCUR IF THE BLOOD IS INCOMPATIBLE?

Answer 23

ALLERGIC , FEBRILE REACTION

Question 24

DESC THE RH INCOMPATIBILITY IN PREGNANCY.

Answer 24

• MOTHER IS RH -VE
• FETUS IS RH +VE
• DURING FIRST PREGNANCY OF RH + FETUS, THE MOTHER WILL UNDERGOES SENSITIZATION AND LEAD TO THE FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES THAT IS AGAINST THE RH AG IN THE FETUS.
• DURING NEXT PREGNANCY (2ND PREGNANCY) WITH A RH + FETUS, IT WILL CAUSE THE AB IN THE MOTHER TO CROSS THE PLACENTA.
• HENCE, IT WILL LEAD TO AGGLUTINATION AND HEMOLYSIS OF THE BABY’S RBC.
• THEREBY THE HB WILL BE RELEASED INTO THE CIRCULATION AND THE FETUS MACROPHAGE WILL CONVERT THE HB INTO BILIRUBIN.
• AS A RESULT, THE BABY WILL BE BORN WITH ANAEMIC AND JAUNDICE.
• THE BILIRUBIN WILL PRECIPITATE AND DESTROY THE NEURONAL CELLS CAUSING THE DAMAGE OF THE MOTOR AREA IN THE BRAIN (KERNICTERUS)
• RH AB WILL CIRCULATE FOR ABOUT 1 - 2 MONTHS IN THE BABY’S BLOOD RESULTING IN MORE HAEMOLYSIS
• HENCE, TO COMPENSATE, IT WILL INCREASE THE HAEMOPOIESIS. HOWEVER, THIS CONDITION WILL LEAD TO HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY.

Question 25

STATE THE PREVENTION OF HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN.

Answer 25

• INJECTION OF ANTI-D ANTIBODY INTO THE MOTHER DURING 26TH - 28TH WEEK AND WITHIN THE 72 HOURS OF DELIVERY.
• THIS IS BECAUSE, BY DOING THIS, THE AB THAT HAS BEEN INJECTED CAN ATTACH TO THE ANTIGEN SITE ON THE FETUS RBC AND CAUSE PREVENTION FROM SENSITIZATION AND ACTIVATION OF THE RH ANTIGEN.