HOMEOSTASIS

Question 1

WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?

Answer 1

HOMEOSTASIS IS:
- A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OR PHYSIOLOGIC STABILITY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.
- IT IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR HUMAN TO ENSURE THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE.
- IF THERE IS ANY ALTERATION, IT CAN LEAD TO DEATH.

Question 2

AN ____, ____, OR GENETIC ABNORMALITY MAY CAUSE EFFECT TO THE HOMEOSTATIC WHERE HOMEOSTASIC MECHANISM CAN’T COMPENSATE FOR THEM

Answer 2

INFECTION, INJURY

Question 3

IF THERE IS AN ALTERATION IN THE HOMEOSTASIS, THE ORGAN WILL START TO MALFUNCTION AND THIS WILL LEAD TO ____

Answer 3

DISEASE, ILLNESS.

Question 4

WHAT IS THE COMPONENT OF ECF?

Answer 4

ECF CONSIST OF
- INTERSTITIAL FLUID
- BLOOD PLASMA

Question 5

WHERE DOES INTERSTITIAL FLUID CAN BE FOUND?

Answer 5

INTERSTITIAL FLUID SURROUND THE CELLS

Question 6

STATE 5 FACTORS THAT INVOLVED IN THE MAINTENANCE OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.

Answer 6

• MAINTAINENCE OF PH
• REGULATION OF TEMPERTURE
• MAINTENANCE OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
• SUPPLY OF NUTRIENT, OXYGEN. HORMONE AND ENZYME
• REMOVAL OF METABOLIC WASTE

Question 7

WHAT IS THE 3 COMPONENTS THAT IS IMPORTANT IN HOMEOSTASIS?

Answer 7

1. INPUT SIGNAL (RECEPTOR/ SENSOR/ STIMULUS)
2. INTEGRATING CENTER
3. OUTPUT SIGNAL THAT PRODUCE RESPONSE

Question 8

HOMEOSTASIS IS CONTROLLED BY _____ AND ____.

Answer 8

NERVOUS SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 9

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

Answer 9

NERVOUS SYSTEM:
- NERVOUS TISSUE
- QUICK AND SHORT LASTING RESPONSES
- COMMUNICATION VIA NERVOUS IMPULSES THROUGH NERVES

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
- ENDOCRINE GLAND
- SLOW AND LONG LASTING RESPONSES
- COMMUNICATION VIA HORMONES THROUGH THE BLOOD

Question 10

TRUE/FALSE:
A. GASTROINTESTINAL, RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR SUPPLY O2 AND NUTRIENTS TO THE ECF.
B. CARDIOVASCULAR TRANSPORTER OF ECF.
C. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM IS THE MAIN MECHANISM TO REGULATE HOMEOSTASIS.
D. NEGATIVE MECHANISM WILL INCREASE THE INPUT TO A HIGHER LEVEL.
E. DURING BT LOW, THE BODY WILL START TO SWEAT AND SHIVERING.

Answer 10

A. TRUE
B. TRUE
C. TRUE
D. FALSE (IT WILL INCREASE OR DECREASE THE STIMULUS SO THAT THE VALUE CAN RETURN TO NEAR NOMAL)
E. FALSE (THE BODY WILL SHIVER, THE HAIR FOLLICLES WILL STAND ERECT AND VASOCONSTRICTION)

Question 11

DESCRIBE HOW BODY TEMPERATURE IS REGULATED WHEN THE BODY TEMPERATURE IS LOW.

Answer 11

• WHEN THE BODY TEMPERATURE IS LOW, THE TEMPERATURE RECEPTORS WILL DETECT IT AND SEND IMPULSES TO THE THERMOREGULATORY CENTRE WHICH LOCATED AT THE BRAIN.
• THEN THE BRAIN WILL START TO INTERPRET IT AND SEND IMPULSES TO THE EFFECTOR TO CARRY OUT RESPONSES.
• AS A RESULT, THE BLOOD VESSEL WILL CONSTRICT, THE HAIR FOLLICLES OF THE BODY WILL STAND ERECT FOR INSULATION AND SHIVERING WILL OCCUR TO GENERATE MORE HEAT.
• HENCE, THE BODY TEMPERATURE CAN RETURN BACK TO NEAR NORMAL.

Question 12

WHAT IS NEGATIVE MECHANISM?

Answer 12

• NEGATIVE MECHANISM IS WHERE THE OUTPUT SHUTS OFF THE ORIGINAL EFFECT OF THE STIMULUS OR REDUCES ITS INTENSITY.
• AS A RESULT, THE VARIABLE TO CHANGE IN A DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO THE OF THE INITIAL CHANGE.
• HENCE, IT CAN RETURN THE CHANGES BACK TO ITS IDEAL VALUE.

Question 13

HOW DOES THE BLOOD PRESSURE IS REGULATED WHEN IT IS HIGH?

Answer 13

• WHEN THE BLOOD PRESSURE IS HIGH, IT WILL CAUSES THE BARORECEPTOR TO DETECT IT AND SEND IMPULSES TO THE CARDIOINHIBITORY CENTRE, CARDIOACCELATORY CENTRE AND VASOMOTOR CENTRE.
• CARDIOINHIBITORY CENTRE WILL BE STIMULATED, WHIL CARDIOACCELATORY CENTRE WILL BE INHIBITED CAUSING THE HEART RATE TO REDUCE AS WELL AS THE STROKE VOLUME AND CARDIAC OUTPUT.
• THE VASOMOTOR CENTRE WILL BE INHIBITED AS WELL CAUSING THE VASODILATION TO OCCUR THEREBY, IT CAN REDUCE THE RESISTANCE.
• HENCE THE BLOOD PRESSURE CAN RETURN BACK TO NEAR NORMAL VALUE.

Question 14

HOW DOES THE GLUCOSE IS REGULATED WHEN IT IS IN A HIGH LEVEL?

Answer 14

• WHEN THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IS HIGH, THE BETA CELLS OF PANCREAS WILL BE STIMULATED AND CAUSING THE RELEASE OF INSULIN.
• AS A RESULT, THERE WILL BE INCREASE GLUCOSE TRANSPORT INTO MOST CELLS.
• LIVER WILL INCREASE THE UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE TO UNDERGOES GLYCOGENESIS PROCESS
• AS A RESULT, THE AMOUNT OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD CAN BE REDUCED HENCE THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL CAN RETURN BACK TO NEAR NORMAL.

Question 15

HOW DOES THE GLUCOSE IS REGULATED WHEN THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IS LOW?

Answer 15

• WHEN THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IS LOW, THE ALPHA CELLS OF PANCREAS WILL BE STIMULATED,.
• AS A RESULT, GLUCAGON WILL BE RELEASED
• THIS GLUCAGON WILL BE USED TO UNDERGO GLYCOGENOLYSIS WHERE GLYCOGEN IS BROKEN DOWN INTO GLUCOSE.
• THEREFORE, THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL CAN INCREASE BACK TO NEAR NORMAL.

Question 16

WHAT IS POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM?

Answer 16

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM:
- THE RESPONSE ENHANCES THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS SO THAT THE RESPONSE IS ACCELERATED.
- THE CHANGE THAT RESULTS PROCEEDS IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS THE INITIAL CHANGE, CAUSING THE CHANGES TO DEVIATE FRUTHER FROM THE NORMAL RANGE
- THE ACTION WILL CONTINUE UNTIL IT IS INTERRUPTED BY SOME MECHANISM

Question 16

WHAT IS POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM?

Answer 16

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM:
- THE RESPONSE ENHANCES THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS SO THAT THE RESPONSE IS ACCELERATED.
- THE CHANGE THAT RESULTS PROCEEDS IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS THE INITIAL CHANGE, CAUSING THE CHANGES TO DEVIATE FRUTHER FROM THE NORMAL RANGE
- THE ACTION WILL CONTINUE UNTIL IT IS INTERRUPTED BY SOME MECHANISM

Question 17

STATE 3 EXAMPLES THAT INVOLVE THE POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM.

Answer 17

• LACTATION
• PARTURITION
• BLOOD CLOTTING

Question 18

WHAT HAPPEN DURING LABOR CONTRACTION IN BIRTH (RELATE IT WITH POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM).

Answer 18

• DURING BIRTH, THE FETUS WILL STIMULATE THE STRETCH RECEPTOR IN THE CERVIX CAUSING THE CERVICAL DILATION.
• THE DILATION OF THE CERVIX WILL BE DETECTED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS.
• HYPOTHALAMUS WILL INTERPET THE STIMULUS AND SEND IMPULSES TO THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY TO RELEASE MORE OXYTOCIN.
• THIS OXYTOCIN WILL ACT ON THE SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE UTERINE.
• IT WILL CAUSES THE MUSCLE CONTRACTION TO OCCUR WHICH WILL FORCE THE BABY OUT THROUGH THE CERVIX.
• THIS CONDITION WILL CONTINUE UNTIL THE BABY IS DELIVERED.

Question 19

WHAT HAPPEN DURING BLOOD CLOTTING (RELATE IT WITH POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM)?

Answer 19

• DURING BLOOD CLOTTING, THE BLOOD VESSEL IS TEAR OR BREAK LOOSE.
• AS A RESULT, TE PLATELET WILL ADHERE TO THE ENDOTHELIUM OF THE BLOOD VESSEL AND RELEASE CHEMICAL.
• THIS RELEASED CHEMICAL WILL ATTRACT MORE PLATELETS TO ADHERE TO THIS SITE.
• AS A RESULT, PLATELET AGGREGATION IS FORMED AND THIS WILL STOP THE BLOOD FROM BLEEDING.

Question 20

STATE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM.

Answer 20

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM:
- IT AMPLIFIES THE INITIAL RESPONSE CAUSING THE VALUE TO DEVIATE FURTHER FROM THE NORMAL RANGE VALUE.
- IT RARELY INVOLVED IN HOMEOSTASIS
- IT OCCUR IN THE BODY UNDER SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
- EXAMPLE: BLOOD CLOTTING, LABOUR CONTRACTION DURING BIRHT, LACTATION.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM:
- IT INCREASES OR DECREASES THE INITIAL RESPONSE SO IT CAN RETURN BACK TO THE NORMAL RANGE VALUE.
- IT INVOLVED IN THE HOMEOSTASIS
- IT OCCUR IN THE BODY ALL THE TIME
- EXAMPLE: BODY TEMPERATURE, BLOOD PRESSURE, PH, WATER AND ELECTORYLYTE BALANCE.