MECHANICS OF VENTILATION

Question 1

STATE THE FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Answer 1

RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS:
- GAS EXCHANGE
- AIR TRANSPORT

NON RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS:
- AIR TREATMENT
- AIDS SPEECH
- CHEMICAL CONVERSION
- CONFER PROTECTION
- PH REGULATIONS

Question 2

STATE THE PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING PULMONARY VENTILATION.

Answer 2

1. AIRWAY RESISTANCE
2. PULMONARY COMPLIANCE
3. ALVEOLAR- SURFACE TENSION

Question 3

PULMONARY COMPLIANCE IS DEPENDS ON THE:

Answer 3

1. DEGREE OF THE ALVEOLAR SURFACE TENSION
2. DISTENSIBILILTY OF THE ELASTIC TISSUE OF THE LUNGS
3. THE ABILITY OF THE CHEST WALL TO MOVE

Question 4

THE PULMONARY COMPLIANCE INCREASES WHEN:

Answer 4

1. AGE INCREASES
2. EMPHYSEMA
3. COPD
4. BREATHING RATE INCREASES
5. INCREASE LUNG SIZE

Question 5

IN WHAT CONDITION DOES THE PULMONARY COMPLIANCE LOW?

Answer 5

PULMONARY FIBROSIS
SARCOIDOSIS
TB

Question 6

DESC THE SURFACTANT PRODUCTION AND COMPONENTS

Answer 6

• PULMONARY SURFACTANT IS FORMED BY TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS
• IT IS A SURFACE ACTIVE COMPLEX OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND PROTEINS
• THE PROTEINS AND LIPIDS THAT MAKE UP THE SURFACTANT HAVE THE HYDROPHILIC AND HYDROPHOBIC PROPERTIES
• THE MAIN LIPID COMPONENT IN THE SURFACTANT IS DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (DPPC), REDUCES SURFACE TENSION
• THERE ARE 4 SURFACTANT- ASSOCIATES PROTEIN: SPA -A, SPA- B. SPA- C, SPA - D

Question 7

STATE THE FUNCTIONS OF SURFACTANT

Answer 7

1. PREVENT ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE
2. IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATOR
3. ANTIMICROBIAL FUNCTION

Question 8

WHEN DOES THE SURFACTANT INCREASES?

Answer 8

THYROID HORMONE

Question 9

STATE THE FACTOR THAT CAUSE THE SURFACTANT TO BE REDUCED.

Answer 9

• CIGARETTE SMOKING
• LONG TERM INHALATION OF 100% O2
• OCCLUSION OF MAIN BRONCHUS
• OCCLUSION OF PULMONARY ARTERY

Question 10

MATURATION OF SURFACTANT INCREASES BY ___.

Answer 10

THE GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Question 11

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS THE PRESSURE ___.

Answer 11

SURROUNDING THE BODY

Question 12

INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE IS THE PRESSURE ___.

Answer 12

• WITHIN THE ALVEOLI
• EQUALS TO Patm
• FLUCTUATES WITH RESPIRATION

Question 13

INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE IS THE PRESSURE ___.

Answer 13

• WITHIN THE PLEURAL CAVITY
• ALWAYS NEGATIVE EXCEPT IN FORCED EXPIRATION
• HELPS TO KEEP THE ALVEOLI OPEN AND PREVENTS LUNGS COLLAPSE

Question 14

TRANSPULMONARY PRESSURE IS THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ___.

Answer 14

INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE AND INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE

Question 15

DESC QUIET INSPIRATION.

Answer 15

DURING QUIET INSPIRATION:
- THE DIAPHRAGM AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE CONTRACT
- THIS CAUSES THE DIAMETER AS WELL AS THE HEIGHT OF THE LUNGS TO INCREASE IN VOLUME
- AS A RESULT THE THORACIC CAVITY VOLUME INCREASES
- HOWEVER. THE INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE IS REDUCED TO ALLOW THE AIR TO ENTER FROM THE ATMOSPHERE INTO THE LUNGS
- AS A RESULT, QUIET BREATHING OCCUR.

Question 16

DESC THE MECHANISM OF FORCED INSPIRATION

Answer 16

DURING FORCED INSPIRATION:
- THE DIAPHRAGM AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE CONTRACT
- IT ALSO WILL ACTIVATE THE ACCESSORY MUSCLE SUCH AS STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID, SCALENE, SERRATUS ANTERIOR.
- STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID WILL ELEVATE THE STERNUM
- SCALENE WILL ELEVATE THE FIRST 2 RIBS
- SERRATUS ANTERIOR WILL ELEVATE THE OTHER RIBS
- THIS CAUSES THE THORACIC CAVITY VOLUME INCREASES FURTHER.
- HENCE THE INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE REDUCED
- THEREBY, FORCED INSPIRATION OCCUR

Question 17

STATE THE ACCESSORY MUSCLE THAT IS ACTIVATED DURING FORCED EXPIRATION

Answer 17

• RECTUS ABDOMINIS
• EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
• TRANVERSE OBLIQUE
• INTERNAL OBLIQUE

Question 18

RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE HAVE ___ IN WORK OF BREATHING AND THE GRAPH SHIFT TO THE ___.

Answer 18

• INCREASE
• RIGHT

Question 19

OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE HAVE ___ IN TOTAL INSPIRATORY WORK OF BREATHING AND. ___ IN EXPIRATORY WORKLOAD.

Answer 19

• INCREASE
• INCREASE