Regulation of Gene Expression

Question 1

Genes can generally be classified into 2 groups: _______ and _______ genes.

Answer 1

1) housekeeping genes

2) regulated genes

Question 2

These genes are involved in basic cellular functions and are constitutively expressed and not regulated.

Answer 2

Housekeeping Genes

Question 3

These genes are only required in certain cell types or under certain conditions and are subject to various control mechanisms.

Answer 3

Regulated Genes

Question 4

________: a multi step process that ultimately results in the production of a functional gene product (RNA or Protein).

Answer 4

Gene Expression

Question 5

For most genes, the main site of control is ___________ of _____ to ______.

Answer 5

Transcription
DNA
RNA

Question 6

Beta-Actin is found in all tissues and is involved in basic cellular functions. Beta-Actin is an example of a ________ gene.

Answer 6

Housekeeping gene

Question 7

DNA in __________ cells are circular.

Answer 7

Prokaryotic

Question 8

DNA is transcribed into _______ which is then ________ into a _________.

Answer 8

mRNA
Translated
Protein

Question 9

In prokaryotes, the amount of protein that is expressed is regulated at a __________ level.

Answer 9

Transcriptional level

Question 10

Although there are other mechanisms of regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes, the primary means of regulation is accomplished via ______.

Answer 10

Transcriptional control

Question 11

________ genes are not always expressed. They are only expressed when necessary.

Answer 11

Structural

Question 12

The goal of any organism (From a biochemical perspective) is to ______ _____.

Answer 12

Conserve energy

Question 13

What are the 2 basic types of operons?

Answer 13

1) Repressible

2) Inducible

Question 14

Repressible operons are usually _____.

Answer 14

On

Question 15

The Lactose Operon is a ________ operon.

Answer 15

Inducible

Question 16

_______ is the preferred carbon source for E. coli.

Answer 16

Glucose

Question 17

An operon consists of a ______ region and an _______.

Answer 17

Promoter

Operator

Question 18

The Repressor Protein is ALWAYS expressed. Which gene is the repressor protein in Lactose Operon expression in Prokaryotes?

Answer 18

lacI

Question 19

Control of gene expression in __________ is more complex and includes regulation at __ different levels.

Why is it more complex?

Answer 19

Eukaryotes
5

More complex because we need more variety cell types

Question 20

List the 5 levels of regulation in Eukaryotic Gene Expression:

Answer 20

Transcriptional
Post-Transcriptional
Translational
Post-Translational
Epigenetics

Question 21

_________: ‘around genetics’

Answer 21

Epigenetics

Question 22

Regulatory sequences of DNA are usually embedded in the ____________ region of the genome.

They are called ________ because they influence expression of genes only on the same chromosome.

Answer 22

Noncoding

Cis-acting

Question 23

Trans-acting proteins are __________.

Answer 23

Proteins

Question 24

Transcription factors are are __________ regulators.

Answer 24

Trans-acting

Question 25

Binding of trans-acting regulators to DNA is achieved by one of the following: _____ _____ _____

Answer 25

1) Zinc Finger 2) Leucine zipper 3) Helix-turn-helix in the protein

Question 26

DNA sequences that increase the rate of initiation of transcription are called _______.

Answer 26

Enhancers

Question 27

Enhancers are typically found on __________.

Answer 27

The same chromosome.

Question 28

__________can be close to the gene they are controlling or thousands of base pairs away.

Answer 28

Enhancers

Question 29

Where can enhancers be located?

Answer 29

Upstream downstream Or even within intron regions or other chromosomes

Question 30

__________ can be brought close to the basal promoter by bending of the DNA molecule.

Answer 30

Enhancers

Question 31

True or False: Enhancers can act in a tissue specific manner

Answer 31

True

Question 32

PEPCK gene expression is induced by _________.

Answer 32

Cortisol

Question 33

PEPCK is an enzyme from the ___________ pathway.

Answer 33

Gluconeogenic

Question 34

True or False: steroid hormones are fat soluble

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

GRE stands for:

Answer 35

Glucocorticoid response element

Question 36

Over ___% of genes in humans undergo alternative splicing. An example is _________: an actin filament-binding protein, interaction with the cytoskeleton in most cells, and the contractile apparatus of muscle cells, undergoes tissue specific alternative splicing to produce multiple isoforms of the protein.

Answer 36

60 | Tropomyosin

Question 37

The following are all examples of which type of control? Alternative splicing, mRNA editing, mRNA stability....

Answer 37

Post-transcriptional control

Question 38

Apo B mRNA is made in the _____ and in the ____ _______. In the _______ only, the C residue in the CAA codon for glutamine is delaminated to U, changing the sense codon to a nonsense or stop codon.

Answer 38

Liver Small intestine Intestine

Question 39

RNAi (RNA Interference) is a increasing field of research in reducing _____ _______.

Answer 39

Gene expression

Question 40

Neovascular AMD is triggered by overproduction of ________.

Answer 40

(VEGF) vascular endothelial growth factor

Question 41

Overproduction of VEGF may lead to the development of ____________ behind the retina.

Answer 41

Excess blood vesssels sprouting

Question 42

siRNAs, when introduced into a cell from exogenous sources can trigger _______, ultimately silencing certain gene expressions.

Answer 42

RNAi

Question 43

When elF2 is _________, translation is blocked.

Answer 43

Phosphorylated

Question 44

During post-translational control, protein folding is directed by _______.

Answer 44

Chaperones

Question 45

_________ are regions in DNA rich in CG that are prone to modifications.

Answer 45

CpG islands

Question 46

__________: mobile segments of DNA that move in a random manner from one site to another on the same or a different chromosome. Movement is mediated by _________, an enzyme encoded by the Tn itself. Movement can be ________ or _________.

Answer 46

Transposons (Tns) Transposase Direct or Replicative

Question 47

Transposition has contributed to the structural variation in the genome but it is also associated with disease, examples of which include: (name 3)

Answer 47

Hemophilia A Duchenne muscular dystrophy Antibiotic resistance in bacteria